PERSONAL HEALTH: OLDER DRIVERS MUST PROCEED WITH CAUTION
Feb. 19, 2001 | 2:43 p.m.
Last summer, as a 72-year-old friend exited from a strip mall in
Connecticut, her car was struck broadside by a van she had not
seen coming. She died three days later of complications related
to her injuries.

Just one year earlier, a 70-year-old woman I know was in a similar
accident. She pulled out of a filling station on Long Island into
the path of a semi. Her husband eventually died from his injuries;
she survived, but after many hospitalizations and with permanent
disabilities.

Both of these accidents could have happened to younger drivers,
but the chances are much greater that an older driver will fail to
see an oncoming vehicle and be able to react in time to avoid a
collision.

As the population ages -- by the year 2020, one in five drivers will
be 65 or older -- the potential for debilitating and fatal accidents
among older drivers (and their victims) will grow accordingly
unless everyone recognizes the limitations inflicted by advancing
age and takes steps to compensate for them. No group but
teen-agers has more accidents or a higher vehicular fatality rate
per mile driven.

Now, nearly half of older drivers live in suburban areas and more
than a quarter live in rural areas where motor vehicles are needed
to reach shopping and services and where public transportation
is either sparse or nonexistent. There are often no family members
nearby or friends available to provide rides.

Many groups -- AAA, AARP, city and state departments on aging
and traffic safety, the National Institute on Aging, among others --
have developed booklets and safe driving courses. They continue
to press for improvements in vehicular design and road safety
features, all intended to keep older drivers on the road safely.

If you know which physical and mental changes accompany
advancing age, you can better appreciate the value of the
recommendations and have an easier time assessing whether
it is wise for you or the older people in your life to continue
driving.

You need not have any chronic illnesses or obvious disabilities
for the effects of aging to affect your driving skills. Here is what
happens to virtually everyone:

VISION DEFICITS -- Driving experts say that 90 percent of the
information needed to drive safely is visual. Yet, as people get older,
four crucial visual abilities diminish: visual acuity -- the ability to see
clearly what is ahead of you, especially at night; peripheral vision --
the ability to see what is happening to the left and right while
looking straight ahead; accommodation -- the speed with which your
eyes adjust to changes in light and dark and near and far images,
and depth perception -- the ability to judge how fast other cars are
moving.

Furthermore, older people are more prone to being temporarily
blinded by the glare of headlights, either from cars and trucks
coming toward them or in their mirrors from vehicles behind them.

A 55-year-old person takes, on average, eight times longer than
a 16-year-old to recover from glare. Colors, especially red, become
harder to see with age. Some older drivers take twice as long as
younger drivers to recognize the flash of brake lights.

Other common age-related deficits include eye muscle dysfunction,
which impairs the ability to scan the driving environment, and poor
contrast sensitivity, which can make it hard to detect curves in the
road, see a gray vehicle at an intersection or a pedestrian at a
crosswalk or see clearly in bad weather.

According to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, the amount
of light needed to drive doubles about every 13 years. That means
a 60-year-old driver needs about 10 times as much light as a
19-year-old to see clearly.

BODY CHANGES -- Few people over 65 need to be told that with
advancing age joints tend to stiffen, making it more difficult to turn
one's head when pulling out of a parking area or when backing up.

Muscles gradually weaken, and that weakening can impair a person's
ability to steer and brake. Reaction time slows, increasing the
response time when faced with any sort of road hazard, especially
a vehicle that suddenly stops or turns in front of you.

Hearing deficits common in older people can affect their ability to
detect and respond appropriately to the sirens of emergency vehicles,
railroad crossing signals and the warning horns of other drivers.

COGNITIVE CHANGES -- Your mind may be as sharp, but it works
more slowly as you get older. Thus, in addition to having slower
reflexes, older people tend to have greater difficulty doing more than
one thing at a time -- absorbing new information from their
surroundings and reacting accordingly. Older drivers also are more
easily distracted by noise or other disturbances, including the radio
and the conversation of others in the car.

COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS -- Then there are a host of
disorders that become increasingly common with age that can
further limit ability to handle a motor vehicle safely.

To the normal effects of aging on the eyes may be added such
problems as cataracts (a clouding of the lenses that impairs visual
acuity and increases sensitivity to glare), macular degeneration
(a gradual loss of central vision) and glaucoma (increased eye
pressure that limits peripheral vision). Other common age-related
disorders that can impair driving skills include arthritis, diabetes,
insomnia, Parkinson's disease, heart rhythm abnormalities, stroke,
depression and dementia.

Movements needed to handle a motor vehicle safely can be limited
in someone with arthritis or Parkinson's disease or a person who has
suffered a stroke.

Diabetes can cause vision-impairing eye damage (diabetic retinopathy)
and, among those with widely fluctuating blood sugar levels, can
sometimes result in a loss of consciousness. Irregular heart rhythms
can cause dizziness while driving, and chronic insomnia can diminish
alertness and increase the risk of dozing off at the wheel.

Depression, which may limit a person's ability to pay attention and
to obtain restful sleep, can also impair driving skills. The gradual
onset of dementia can cause memory problems and behavioral
difficulties that make safe driving problematic, yet dementia and its
effects are usually not recognized by the affected person.

Many of the medications taken to treat the various infirmities of age
can further diminish driving skills.

---- Although people over 65 represent about 11 percent of the
population, they use 25 percent of all prescription drugs, plus a
host of nonprescription remedies. Drugs that can interfere with
safe driving include sleep aids, antidepressants and antianxiety
drugs, painkillers, antihistamines, cough and cold remedies and
insulin and other drugs used to treat diabetes.

---- Alcohol can have an ever worsening effect on driving skills
as people age. With advancing age, tolerance for alcohol declines
and the effects of alcohol last longer.

For More Information These organizations can provide information
and, in some cases, courses to enhance the safety of older drivers:

AARP, 601 E Street NW,
Washington, 20049,
(202) 434-2277, (800) 424-3410,
http://www.aarp.org

AAA, 1000 AAA Drive,
Heathrow, Fla., 32746-5063,
(407) 444-7000,
http://www.aaa.com

AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety,
1440 New York Avenue NW, Suite 201,
Washington, 20005,
(202) 638-5944,
http://www.aaafoundation.org

National Association of Area Agencies on Aging,
 927 15th Street NW, 6th floor,
Washington, 20005,
(202) 296-8130,
http://www.n4a.org

National Association of State Units on Aging,
1225 I Street NW, Suite 725,
Washington, 20005,
(202) 898-2578;
Eldercare Locator, (800) 677-1116.

National Institute on Aging Information Center,
P.O. Box 8057,
Gaithersburg, Md., 20898-8057,
(800) 222-2225; (800) 222-4225 (TTY),
http://www.nih.gov/nia

NYT-02-19-01 1540EST

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