Unease Over Cloning May Cost U.S. Influence
Nicholas Wade NYT
Tuesday, February 17, 2004

NEW YORK The production of the first human cloned embryo in Seoul last week marked a fine achievement for South Korean
scientists. But it underlines the price the United States may pay for its unresolved debate over human embryonic stem
cells: If American researchers lose their technical lead, Washington will also forfeit the chance to set the ethical
rules of the game.

This outcome contrasts with the last big ethical issue posed by biological research, the invention in 1975 of
recombinant DNA, the first technique to let researchers move genes from one organism to another. On that occasion,
after a fierce and often bitter discussion, biomedical researchers were allowed to go ahead with the new technique
under rules drawn up by their patron agency, the National Institutes of Health.

Because of the open political process by which the institutes' rules had been shaped, their moral authority extended
far beyond their legal reach; these or similar regulations were observed by private industry and by most other
countries also conducting research.

Washington has chosen a different path with human embryonic stem cells, one based on a political compromise announced
by President George W. Bush in August 2001. The deal was constructive and artful. It allowed research with human
embryonic cells to begin at last, though only with cell lines created before that date; researchers are not allowed to
create new ones. But last week's announcement in Seoul highlighted the limits of the American approach. The rest of the
world is not standing still, and deriving new cell lines is an important part of progress.

"By this policy we are ceding leadership in what may be one of the most important medical advances for the next 10 to
15 years," said Irving Weissman, a stem cell researcher at Stanford University. He also expressed disappointment that
the Korean advance could not have been made in the United States. "That's a very telling lesson for us," he said. "It
says we are going to watch it happen."

Not everyone has such high regard for the new technology. Leon Kass, chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics,
has been warning for years of the dangers of human cloning. Kass declined to comment on the Korean advance, saying he
did not want to sound like a broken record. But in his previous writing, and in a 2002 report on cloning by the
council, he made plain his conviction that society should not hesitate to curb scientists when they trespass on life's
central mysteries.

In that report, a majority of the council, joined by its chairman, proposed a four-year moratorium on therapeutic
cloning - the production of cloned human embryos to generate cells to repair a patient's diseased tissues - and an
outright ban on the reproductive cloning made possible by the same technique.

Advances in reproductive technology often create enormous furor because they seem to touch the essence of human
existence. The first test-tube baby, born in 1978, produced an outcry about the ethics of the technique involved. But
the great gift to infertile families - fertility clinics in the United States alone have now created more than 100,000
babies - outweighed the forebodings.

The ability to clone human embryos could follow a similar path from horror to humdrum, if it produces similar benefits.
The possibility of tapping the cell's ability to regenerate the body's tissues is hard to ignore. The Korean
scientists, if their experiment is confirmed in other laboratories, will have proved, in principle, the viability of
the first step in therapeutic cloning, that of converting an ordinary body cell back into the embryonic state. But one
element in their success is simply that they were able to amass enough human eggs to get the standard techniques to
work and had no legal restrictions standing in their way.

So far the technique works only for women. The researchers used a nucleus from a particular type of female body cell
known as a cumulus cell, which surrounds the egg. Cumulus cells have proved particularly suitable for nuclear transfer
in animals.

If therapeutic cloning is the researchers' only goal, why is the procedure controversial? One reason is that its basis
has been attacked by the antiabortion movement on grounds that dissecting a blastocyst is like killing a person.

Politics aside, Kass and many other ethicists feel strongly that medical progress is not an absolute good that should
be allowed to override all other values, like the natural limits on human life and the cycle of generations. Others
share Kass's unease, if not necessarily all his specific arguments.

If scientists can show that therapeutic cloning saves lives, they will doubtless be able to quell such doubts. Bush's
compromise of 2001 gave them a chance to do so, but the Seoul experiment shows that the United States is no longer the
only player in the game and could soon lose the chance to set rules for the rest of the world.

SOURCE: The New York Times / International Herald Tribune
http://www.iht.com/articles/129846.html

* * *

----------------------------------------------------------------------
To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto:[log in to unmask]
In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn