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thanks, Maryse, I've been trying with no success to copy this article re
fiber optics
Ray
Rayilyn Brown
Director AZNPF
Arizona Chapter National Parkinson Foundation
[log in to unmask]
--------------------------------------------------
From: "mschild" <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Friday, March 20, 2009 10:15 AM
To: <[log in to unmask]>
Subject: more light
> http://www.medgadget.com/archives/2009/03/fiber_optics_activate_neurons_axons_to_answer_parkinsons_questions.html
>
> Thursday, March 19, 2009
> Fiber Optics Activate Neurons, Axons to Answer Parkinson's Questions
>
>
> Scientists at Stanford's lab of Dr. Karl Deisseroth developed a novel
> technology that not only sheds new light on pathophysiology of
> Parkinson's,
> but may even one day become a therapeutic modality for this disease. The
> research involves deep brain stimulation of the brain's subthalamic
> nucleus
> region, which is already a common therapy for people suffering from
> Parkinson's. Until now the mechanism by which electrical signals lead to
> an
> improvement in symptoms has been a mystery in the medical community. So to
> understand what's going on, Dr. Deisseroth et. al. developed thin,
> flexible
> fiber-optic cables, and compatible rodents with light sensitive neurons.
> By
> stimulating cells within the subthalamic nucleus using a fiber optic probe
> the
> researchers found little effect. Yet, when the axons that lead from the
> region
> to the outer regions of the brain were illuminated, the mice lost the
> symptoms
> of Parkinson's.
>
> To perform the research, Deisseroth’s team, which included students and
> faculty from bioengineering, neuroscience and neurosurgery, used a
> technique
> his lab has pioneered called “optogenetics.” They genetically engineered
> specific types of cells, or neurons, in the subthalamic nucleus regions of
> different rodents to become controllable with light. A blue-colored laser
> pulse makes the neurons more active, while a yellow laser light suppresses
> activity.
>
> “Using the technology allowed us to separate the different circuit
> elements by placing them under optical control,” Deisseroth said. “It
> allowed
> us to systematically move through the circuit, turning on or off different
> elements and finding out which modifications of the circuit corrected the
> symptoms.”
>
> This result also required a complementary method invented in the
> Deisseroth lab, namely delivering light via a thin, flexible fiber-optic
> cable
> deep into the brain of the animals, so that they can move and behave
> freely
> during the experiment.
>
> The team tried every kind of neuron they could think of within the
> brain
> region itself, and found no effect. Out of persistence and desperation,
> like a
> person who has searched the whole house for the keys and finally finds
> them in
> the doorknob, the team decided to investigate the incoming axons. In
> rodents
> with cells that had been made light-sensitive, the researchers found
> dramatic
> results both with high-frequency and low-frequency pulses.
>
> “The [high-frequency stimulation] effects were not subtle,” the
> researchers wrote in the Science Express paper. “In nearly every case
> these
> severely Parkinsonian animals were restored to behavior indistinguishable
> from
> normal, and in every case the therapeutic effect immediately and fully
> reversed…upon discontinuation of the light pulse.”
>
> Low-frequency stimulation, meanwhile, caused the Parkinson’s symptoms
> to
> become worse.
>
> Here's more details about optogenetics from the New Scientist:
>
> Called optogenetics, the technology relies on light-sensitive proteins
> called channel rhodopsins that are normally produced by algae.
>
> Deisseroth's team previously found that inserting a channel rhodopsin
> into
> neurons allows them to be activated with blue light. Similarly, an
> engineered
> protein called halo-rhodopsin can silence brain cells when flashed with
> yellow
> light.
>
> The proteins do this by pumping charged ions into or out of cells in
> response to light, creating the electrical potential that is the native
> language of neurons.
>
> Full story: Stanford study improves insights into Parkinson's disease and
> possible treatments
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Week 4 October 1997, Week 3 October 1997, Week 2 October 1997, Week 1 September 1997, Week 5 September 1997, Week 4 September 1997, Week 3 September 1997, Week 2 September 1997, Week 1 August 1997, Week 5 August 1997, Week 4 August 1997, Week 3 August 1997, Week 2 August 1997, Week 1 July 1997, Week 5 July 1997, Week 4 July 1997, Week 3 July 1997, Week 2 July 1997, Week 1 June 1997, Week 5 June 1997, Week 4 June 1997, Week 3 June 1997, Week 2 June 1997, Week 1 May 1997, Week 5 May 1997, Week 4 May 1997, Week 3 May 1997, Week 2 May 1997, Week 1 April 1997, Week 5 April 1997, Week 4 April 1997, Week 3 April 1997, Week 2 April 1997, Week 1 March 1997, Week 5 March 1997, Week 4 March 1997, Week 3 March 1997, Week 2 March 1997, Week 1 February 1997, Week 5 February 1997, Week 4 February 1997, Week 3 February 1997, Week 2 February 1997, Week 1 January 1997, Week 5 January 1997, Week 4 January 1997, Week 3 January 1997, Week 2 January 1997, Week 1 December 1996, Week 5 December 1996, Week 4 December 1996, Week 3 December 1996, Week 2 December 1996, Week 1 November 1996, Week 5 November 1996, Week 4 November 1996, Week 3 November 1996, Week 2 November 1996, Week 1 October 1996, Week 5 October 1996, Week 4 October 1996, Week 3 October 1996, Week 2 October 1996, Week 1 September 1996, Week 5 September 1996, Week 4 September 1996, Week 3 September 1996, Week 2 September 1996, Week 1 August 1996, Week 5 August 1996, Week 4 August 1996, Week 3 August 1996, Week 2 August 1996, Week 1 July 1996, Week 5 July 1996, Week 4 July 1996, Week 3 July 1996, Week 2 July 1996, Week 1 June 1996, Week 5 June 1996, Week 4 June 1996, Week 3 June 1996, Week 2 June 1996, Week 1 May 1996, Week 5 May 1996, Week 4 May 1996, Week 3 May 1996, Week 2 May 1996, Week 1 April 1996, Week 5 April 1996, Week 4 April 1996, Week 3 April 1996, Week 2 April 1996, Week 1 March 1996, Week 5 March 1996, Week 4 March 1996, Week 3 March 1996, Week 2 March 1996, Week 1 February 1996, Week 5 February 1996, Week 4 February 1996, Week 3 February 1996, Week 2 February 1996, Week 1 January 1996, Week 5 January 1996, Week 4 January 1996, Week 3 January 1996, Week 2 January 1996, Week 1 December 1995, Week 5 December 1995, Week 4 December 1995, Week 3 December 1995, Week 2 December 1995, Week 1 November 1995, Week 5 November 1995, Week 4 November 1995, Week 3 November 1995, Week 2 November 1995, Week 1 October 1995, Week 5 October 1995, Week 4 October 1995, Week 3 October 1995, Week 2 October 1995, Week 1 September 1995, Week 5 September 1995, Week 4 September 1995, Week 3 September 1995, Week 2 September 1995, Week 1 August 1995, Week 5 August 1995, Week 4 August 1995, Week 3 August 1995, Week 2 August 1995, Week 1 July 1995, Week 5 July 1995, Week 4 July 1995, Week 3 July 1995, Week 2 July 1995, Week 1 June 1995, Week 5 June 1995, Week 4 June 1995, Week 3 June 1995, Week 2 June 1995, Week 1 May 1995, Week 5 May 1995, Week 4 May 1995, Week 3 May 1995, Week 2 May 1995, Week 1 April 1995, Week 5 April 1995, Week 4 April 1995, Week 3 April 1995, Week 2 April 1995, Week 1 March 1995, Week 5 March 1995, Week 4 March 1995, Week 3 March 1995, Week 2 March 1995, Week 1 February 1995, Week 4 February 1995, Week 3 February 1995, Week 2 February 1995, Week 1 January 1995, Week 5 January 1995, Week 4 January 1995, Week 3 January 1995, Week 2 January 1995, Week 1 December 1994, Week 5 December 1994, Week 4 December 1994, Week 3 December 1994, Week 2 December 1994, Week 1 November 1994, Week 5 November 1994, Week 4 November 1994, Week 3 November 1994, Week 2 November 1994, Week 1 October 1994, Week 5 October 1994, Week 4 October 1994, Week 3 October 1994, Week 2 October 1994, Week 1 September 1994, Week 5 September 1994, Week 4 September 1994, Week 3 September 1994, Week 2 September 1994, Week 1 August 1994, Week 5 August 1994, Week 4 August 1994, Week 3 August 1994, Week 2 August 1994, Week 1 July 1994, Week 5 July 1994, Week 4 July 1994, Week 3 July 1994, Week 2 July 1994, Week 1 June 1994, Week 5 June 1994, Week 4 June 1994, Week 3 June 1994, Week 2 June 1994, Week 1 May 1994, Week 5 May 1994, Week 4 May 1994, Week 3 May 1994, Week 2 May 1994, Week 1 April 1994, Week 5 April 1994, Week 4 April 1994, Week 3 April 1994, Week 2 April 1994, Week 1 March 1994, Week 5 March 1994, Week 4 March 1994, Week 3 March 1994, Week 2 March 1994, Week 1 February 1994, Week 4 February 1994, Week 3 February 1994, Week 2 February 1994, Week 1 February 1994 January 1994 December 1993 November 1993
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