http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_180000/180109.stm

Friday, September 25, 1998 Published at 18:46 GMT 19:46 UK

Transplants for the future

"Brain transplants" could defeat Parkinson's Disease

The impressive achievement of transplanting a forearm is only one
milestone for a branch of medicine that has been innovating for almost
300 years.

While the use of animal organs or cloned human organs is still a long
way off, the next big target for surgeons is to develop reliable
techniques for transplanting nerves.

In particular, they are interested in the neural material that makes up
the brain and spine.

Connecting nerves has always been the hardest technical part of a
transplant operation, and it is this difficulty that makes neural
transplantation such a challenge.

Results offer hope

There are clinical trials being carried out around the world where nerve
cells are transplanted into patients. Doctors hope the process can be
used to treat brain diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's,
Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis, as well as spinal injuries.

Most of the research so far has focussed on Parkinson's Disease, and the
results of such experimental treatment have been promising. When
diseased nerve cells are replaced with healthy ones, patients show
improvement and reduce their medication.

Embryo tissue

The healthy cells come from the neural tissue of aborted embryos or
animals because adult brain cells will not survive the transfer.

In the US, there is a four-year project under way at the University of
Florida to investigate the use of nerve cells in treating spinal
injuries. Last year, the researchers became the first team to perform a
nerve transplant to treat a man paralysed with a spine injury.

But the most urgent research being carried out aims to make the
operations that already exist more widely available. Not everyone who
needs a transplant can get one because there are not enough organs
available. This means researchers focus their efforts on addressing the
shortfall and maximising the benefits offered by a transplant.

Fiona Gravette, of the National Transplant Information Service, said:
"Research aims to make the things we have work better and longer."

Relatives' donations

Normally organs are taken from dead bodies, so, in the absence of more
deaths, gaining an increase in the number of donor organs available
requires more live donation. Live donations are usually made by a blood
relative of the patient, and the most common organ donated is a kidney
as it is possible to lead a normal life with only one.

However, the British are often reluctant to donate. Ms Gravette said:
"It is something we do not do a lot of in this country.

"In Norway, nearly 40% of all transplants are done this way. In the US,
the figure is 25% while it is 10% in the UK." The reason for this might
be because operating on a well patient goes against doctors' training,
she said, but the success rate of the procedure was good and getting
better.

Double value

Other research aims to make the most of donated organs.

Split-liver transplants take advantage of the organ's unique ability to
regenerate.

A liver can be divided and given to two patients, doubling the value of
the donated organ.

Researchers are developing a technique whereby a living parent can
donate a piece of liver to their child.

And there is promising work on split-lung transplants. Although the lung
cannot regenerate, two donors can each give a small piece of lung to a
third person with a respiratory disease such as cystic fibrosis.

Beating side-effects

The donors will have reduced breathing capacity, but remain healthy
while the quality of life will be greatlyimproved for the recipient.

Once the organ has been transplanted, there is the danger of rejection,
so another key area of research is in improving the drugs that control a
patient's immune system.

"Doctors have to juggle the drug cocktail to be immunosuppressive
without being toxic," Ms Gravette said. The different drugs involved can
cause unpleasant side-effects, so scientists are researching how to get
a body to "tolerate" a new organ.
--
Judith Richards, London, Ontario, Canada
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