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Brain implant lets man control computer by thought
By Aisling Irwin, Science Correspondent
Electronic Telegraph ISSUE 1238 Thursday 15 October 1998
A MAN has been able to control a computer by thought alone after receiving=
an
electronic implant that fused with his brain cells.
The most immediate application of this marriage of man and machine would b=
e
for people who are totally paralysed, enabling them to express their thoug=
hts
or even control artificial limbs.
The American surgeons involved say it is the first time that such a connec=
tion
has been made directly in the brain, rather than with nerves in the spine =
or
limbs.
=A0
"If you can run a computer you can talk to the world," said Dr Roy Bakay, =
of
Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, whose team developed the implants.
He told a meeting of brain surgeons that he had performed two of the
operations in which he persuaded the patients' brain cells to grow into hi=
s
implant, linking upwith its electronics.
One of the patients, a 53-year-old man known only as JR, was almost totall=
y
paralysed by a stroke. He is dependent on a ventilator and cannot speak,
although he is fully alert and intelligent and knows everything that is go=
ing
on around him. Once he received the implant he could control a cursor on a
computer screen and point at different icons, triggering a computer voice =
to
make comments such as "I'm thirsty".
Now that JR, who is in the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centre in Geor=
gia,
can select phrases, his favourite is: "See you later. Nice talking with yo=
u."
The first volunteer, a woman suffering from a neuro-degenerative disease, =
was
given the implants 18 months ago and has since died.
Dr Bakay said: "The trick is teaching the patient to control the strength =
and
pattern of the electric impulses being produced in the brain. After some
training they are able to 'will' a cursor to move and then stop on a speci=
fic
point on the computer screen. If you can move the cursor you can stop on
certain icons, send e-mail, turn a light on or off and interact with the
environment.
"Our hope is that soon we will be able to get to the point that we can con=
nect
the neural signals to a muscle stimulator in the patient's paralysed limb =
and
have them move that limb using the same principle that they use to move th=
e
cursor."
Dr Bakay told the Congress of Neurological Surgeons in Seattle that the
implants consisted of two hollow glass cones, each no bigger than the tip =
of a
ballpoint pen. Each cone contained a tiny electrode.
The doctors also inserted a natural human substance that encourages nerves=
to
grow, which they extracted from the man's knee. They inserted the cones in=
to
the patient's motor cortex, the region of the brain that controls movement=
.
Once the cones were inserted, the growth factor substances encouraged the
man's brain cells to grow. Over several months they spread into the cones =
and
attached themselves to the electrodes.
When the patient learned to think in the correct way, he could routinely
trigger the electrode to send a signal to a small transmitter-receiver pla=
ced
just inside the skull. This transmitted to an amplifier worn outside the s=
kull
in a cap, which boosted the signal and sent it to the computer. Controllin=
g
the cursor soon became second nature, said Dr Bakay. But he added that it
might take several more years before the implants could be used to give mo=
re
complex commands.
To reach this stage had taken eight years, according to New Scientist
magazine. Prof Kevin Warwick, a cybernetics expert at Reading University,
said: "If they have actually gone into the brain and picked up signals wit=
h
electrodes that is very new. It is another very exciting step." He said th=
at
one of the major obstacles to the production of such a cyber-human had bee=
n
the moral issue of tampering with the brain of a healthy person.
John Cavanagh, of the International Spinal Research Trust in Cheshunt, Her=
ts,
said: "If these implants can be developed then they could do an enormous
amount to alleviate many illnesses."
The team has been given funding to continue research with three more patie=
nts.
Copyright of Telegraph Group Limited 1998.
"Electronic Telegraph" and "The Daily Telegraph" are trademarks of Telegra=
ph
Group Limited. These marks may not be copied or used without permission.
janet paterson - 51/10 - almonte/ontario/canada
http://www.newcountry.nu/pd/members/janet/
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Week 4 October 1997, Week 3 October 1997, Week 2 October 1997, Week 1 September 1997, Week 5 September 1997, Week 4 September 1997, Week 3 September 1997, Week 2 September 1997, Week 1 August 1997, Week 5 August 1997, Week 4 August 1997, Week 3 August 1997, Week 2 August 1997, Week 1 July 1997, Week 5 July 1997, Week 4 July 1997, Week 3 July 1997, Week 2 July 1997, Week 1 June 1997, Week 5 June 1997, Week 4 June 1997, Week 3 June 1997, Week 2 June 1997, Week 1 May 1997, Week 5 May 1997, Week 4 May 1997, Week 3 May 1997, Week 2 May 1997, Week 1 April 1997, Week 5 April 1997, Week 4 April 1997, Week 3 April 1997, Week 2 April 1997, Week 1 March 1997, Week 5 March 1997, Week 4 March 1997, Week 3 March 1997, Week 2 March 1997, Week 1 February 1997, Week 5 February 1997, Week 4 February 1997, Week 3 February 1997, Week 2 February 1997, Week 1 January 1997, Week 5 January 1997, Week 4 January 1997, Week 3 January 1997, Week 2 January 1997, Week 1 December 1996, Week 5 December 1996, Week 4 December 1996, Week 3 December 1996, Week 2 December 1996, Week 1 November 1996, Week 5 November 1996, Week 4 November 1996, Week 3 November 1996, Week 2 November 1996, Week 1 October 1996, Week 5 October 1996, Week 4 October 1996, Week 3 October 1996, Week 2 October 1996, Week 1 September 1996, Week 5 September 1996, Week 4 September 1996, Week 3 September 1996, Week 2 September 1996, Week 1 August 1996, Week 5 August 1996, Week 4 August 1996, Week 3 August 1996, Week 2 August 1996, Week 1 July 1996, Week 5 July 1996, Week 4 July 1996, Week 3 July 1996, Week 2 July 1996, Week 1 June 1996, Week 5 June 1996, Week 4 June 1996, Week 3 June 1996, Week 2 June 1996, Week 1 May 1996, Week 5 May 1996, Week 4 May 1996, Week 3 May 1996, Week 2 May 1996, Week 1 April 1996, Week 5 April 1996, Week 4 April 1996, Week 3 April 1996, Week 2 April 1996, Week 1 March 1996, Week 5 March 1996, Week 4 March 1996, Week 3 March 1996, Week 2 March 1996, Week 1 February 1996, Week 5 February 1996, Week 4 February 1996, Week 3 February 1996, Week 2 February 1996, Week 1 January 1996, Week 5 January 1996, Week 4 January 1996, Week 3 January 1996, Week 2 January 1996, Week 1 December 1995, Week 5 December 1995, Week 4 December 1995, Week 3 December 1995, Week 2 December 1995, Week 1 November 1995, Week 5 November 1995, Week 4 November 1995, Week 3 November 1995, Week 2 November 1995, Week 1 October 1995, Week 5 October 1995, Week 4 October 1995, Week 3 October 1995, Week 2 October 1995, Week 1 September 1995, Week 5 September 1995, Week 4 September 1995, Week 3 September 1995, Week 2 September 1995, Week 1 August 1995, Week 5 August 1995, Week 4 August 1995, Week 3 August 1995, Week 2 August 1995, Week 1 July 1995, Week 5 July 1995, Week 4 July 1995, Week 3 July 1995, Week 2 July 1995, Week 1 June 1995, Week 5 June 1995, Week 4 June 1995, Week 3 June 1995, Week 2 June 1995, Week 1 May 1995, Week 5 May 1995, Week 4 May 1995, Week 3 May 1995, Week 2 May 1995, Week 1 April 1995, Week 5 April 1995, Week 4 April 1995, Week 3 April 1995, Week 2 April 1995, Week 1 March 1995, Week 5 March 1995, Week 4 March 1995, Week 3 March 1995, Week 2 March 1995, Week 1 February 1995, Week 4 February 1995, Week 3 February 1995, Week 2 February 1995, Week 1 January 1995, Week 5 January 1995, Week 4 January 1995, Week 3 January 1995, Week 2 January 1995, Week 1 December 1994, Week 5 December 1994, Week 4 December 1994, Week 3 December 1994, Week 2 December 1994, Week 1 November 1994, Week 5 November 1994, Week 4 November 1994, Week 3 November 1994, Week 2 November 1994, Week 1 October 1994, Week 5 October 1994, Week 4 October 1994, Week 3 October 1994, Week 2 October 1994, Week 1 September 1994, Week 5 September 1994, Week 4 September 1994, Week 3 September 1994, Week 2 September 1994, Week 1 August 1994, Week 5 August 1994, Week 4 August 1994, Week 3 August 1994, Week 2 August 1994, Week 1 July 1994, Week 5 July 1994, Week 4 July 1994, Week 3 July 1994, Week 2 July 1994, Week 1 June 1994, Week 5 June 1994, Week 4 June 1994, Week 3 June 1994, Week 2 June 1994, Week 1 May 1994, Week 5 May 1994, Week 4 May 1994, Week 3 May 1994, Week 2 May 1994, Week 1 April 1994, Week 5 April 1994, Week 4 April 1994, Week 3 April 1994, Week 2 April 1994, Week 1 March 1994, Week 5 March 1994, Week 4 March 1994, Week 3 March 1994, Week 2 March 1994, Week 1 February 1994, Week 4 February 1994, Week 3 February 1994, Week 2 February 1994, Week 1 February 1994 January 1994 December 1993 November 1993
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