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hi all
a search of the pd list archives returns over 200 references to apomorphine
[the first of these look quite informative]
at:
<http://james.parkinsons.org.uk/>
a search at google.com returned this article as google's first choice:
EPDA Drug Information - Apomorphine (Britaject)
<http://www.shef.ac.uk/misc/groups/epda/drug4.htm>
----------------------------------------
EUROPEAN PARKINSON'S DISEASE ASSOCIATION
Drug Information
Apomorphine (Britaject)
Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist drug, used to treat Parkinson's disease,=
which is given by injection, unlike other dopamine agonists which are given=
in tablet form.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's is caused by a shortage of a chemical messenger (dopamine) in=
the part of the brain which controls movement. This results in stiffness in=
the muscles, slowness, difficulty when starting movements, and in some=
people tremor.
The basal ganglia behave rather like to floppy disk of a computer where=
programs of movements are stored and adjusted. Dopamine working in balance=
with another chemical messenger, acetylcholine, is responsible for the=
feedback mechanism that enables these programs of movement to be put into=
action. The symptoms of Parkinson's do not appear until about 80% of the=
dopamine has been lost, and the level of dopamine will continue to fall=
slowly over many years. However each person is very different and the rate=
and progression will vary enormously from one person to another.
Drug Therapy
Although at present there is no cure, several different drug treatments are=
available to help control the symptoms of Parkinson's. The main aim of drug=
therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's is to restore dopaminergic=
function. This can be achieved by increasing the level of dopamine=
(levodopa drugs), or by using drugs which mimic the effects of dopamine=
(dopamine agonists).
Unfortunately the long term treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa=
is often complicated by the development of fluctuating motor response in=
relation to drug doses. These fluctuations, which are often called=
wearing-off or the on-off syndrome generally occur after about 5-10 years=
of levodopa treatment. Some people have likened the "on/off" syndrome to=
the idea of a light being switched on or off - "off" when there is no=
response to the drugs and "on" when the drugs are effective. Dopamine=
agonists can be used in combination with levodopa to reduce these=
fluctuations.
Dopamine agonists
Dopamine agonists work by stimulating the parts of the brain where dopamine=
works, and unlike levodopa (the main drug used to treat Parkinson's), do=
not require conversion by the brain cells first. They have a longer=
duration of action that levodopa and may suit patients better than=
levodopa. Dopamine agonists may be taken alone but are usually used in=
conjunction with levodopa to "smooth out" control of symptoms in people=
whose response to treatment is beginning to fluctuate. These include=
bromocriptine (Parlodel), lisuride (Revanil), pergolide (Celance),=
ropinirole (ReQuip), and cabergoline (Cabaser).
Apomorphine (Britaject)
Apomorphine (trade name Britaject) is a dopamine agonist manufactured by=
Britannia Pharmaceuticals. It is usually prescribed to provide additional=
or alternative benefit for those people who have had Parkinson's disease=
for some time - who are finding that their drugs are less effective, and=
who are experiencing "wearing-off" or sudden and unpredictable "on-off"=
fluctuations.
The people who seem to benefit most are those who have bad "off" periods,=
but who are reasonably well when "on". It does not help everyone, but it is=
now often tried with people who have "off" periods of half an hour or more=
and who have not improved after adjustments to their ordinary medication.=
As apomorphine currently has to be given by injection, the person with=
Parkinson's and their carer have to be able to cope with this and to learn=
how to do it. This sometimes involves staying in hospital for a few days,=
although an increasing number of potential users are now being assessed and=
trained on a day care or domiciliary (home) care basis.
Advantages
The main advantage of apomorphine is that it can act as a "rescue treatment"=
when tablets or capsules fail to take effect. For people who are assessed=
as suitable, it will work within 5 to 15 minutes - much more quickly than=
tablets or capsules. Because of this predictable response, it can sometimes=
help people with Parkinson's to go on working for longer than would=
otherwise be possible.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is that, at the moment, it can only be given by=
injection. Other methods of delivery have been tried but have so far proved=
less effective. This means that both the person with Parkinson's and their=
main carer need to be willing and able to give the injections. The=
technique and the confidence to use it can be taught, but there are people=
who feel unable to face the prospect of having or giving regular=
injections. It is important to involve the main carer (who may be a partner=
or a close friend or relative) because there may be times when the person=
with Parkinson's is too rigid or immobile to give the injection.
Apomorphine also causes nausea and vomiting but this problem has been=
largely overcome by giving another drug called domperidone (Motilium)=
beforehand. Some people can even manage without domperidone after a few=
months. Domperidone is a safe drug and although it makes the drug regime a=
little more complicated, this is not really a disadvantage.
The site of the injections can become rather sore and irritated, especially=
when a syringe driver is used. This problem can be reduced by diluting the=
apomorphine with an equal amount of saline (a sterile salt solution).
Methods of Administering the Injections
Apomorphine can be injected in several different ways - by syringe driver,=
syringe or a ready loaded disposable pen.
A syringe driver is a small, battery driven pump which can deliver a=
continuous dose of medication through a needle which is inserted under the=
skin (subcutaneously) in the lower abdomen (i.e. the area below the navel).=
The medication, in this case apomorphine, is then absorbed into the blood=
stream and goes from there to the brain. The dose can be adjusted to suit=
the person with Parkinson's, and the pump itself is carried in their pocket=
or in a small pouch. The position of the needle needs to be changed each=
day to reduce the risk of the skin getting sore. A small number of people=
use their syringe drivers continuously day and night. If this is essential,=
the needle site must be changed every 12 hours.
Some people who are prescribed apomorphine need to use a syringe driver -=
mainly those who have found that they need more than 10 injections a day.=
Changing over to a syringe driver can greatly improve the quality of their=
lives in such circumstances.
There are two alternatives to syringe drivers available at the moment. The=
first is a syringe of the type that people with diabetes use to give=
themselves their insulin. Most people who use apomorphine begin by using=
this syringe and many find it quite simple and easy to use.
The disadvantage of a syringe is that it can only hold one dose. For this=
and other reasons, some people prefer to use an injection pen, a special=
type of multi-dose syringe. Until recently the only pen available was the=
Hypoguard Penject which has to be loaded from the ampoules of apomorphine=
issued at the pharmacist. This created a problem for some people,=
especially those living alone or with carers who were unable to carry out=
this task. Now Britannia Pharmaceuticals has produced a ready-loaded,=
disposable Britaject Pen which overcomes this difficulty. It holds 30mg of=
apomorphine and the individual dose (anything from 1 to 10 mg) is set by=
turning the dial.
Both syringes and pens deposit apomorphine just under the skin and have the=
advantage of not irritating it as much as a syringe driver. They do not,=
give continuous medication, but apomorphine injections can be repeated=
several times a day as necessary.
Apomorphine is usually prescribed by a specialist who will decide in=
consultation with their hospital team which is the most appropriate system=
for the person to use. No one delivery system is right for everyone - the=
choice will depend on factors such as frequency of dose, manual dexterity,=
lifestyle and availability of help.
Availability on the National Health Service
There is little problem with prescribing the syringes as they are also=
widely used for diabetes. Hypoguard Penjects cannot be ordered on an=
ordinary prescription form. Anyone who has problems in obtaining them=
should contact the ward or clinic where they were assessed and trained and=
ask for further advice. Britaject Pens can be prescribed but the needles=
come separately and appropriate numbers should be provided by the=
pharmacist who can obtain supplies directly from Britannia.
Syringe drivers are quite expensive and there are sometimes local problems=
in obtaining them. Such problems are now easily resolved as Britannia=
Pharmaceuticals has agreed to loan them free of charge. The fine infusion=
lines used with syringe drivers have to be obtained through the District=
Nursing Service.
Further Information
Each person with Parkinson's disease will have a different combination of=
symptoms and will therefore react to medication in a different way. Your=
doctor will be the best person to advise you on the appropriate treatment=
for your condition and to give you further information on apomorphine.
Acknowledgement
This fact sheet has been adapted from information contained in "Parkinson's=
at Your Fingertips" by Dr. Marie Oxtoby and Professor Adrian Williams,=
published by Class Publishing.
Parkinson's Disease Society of the United Kingdom
215 Vauxhall Bridge Road,=20
London SW1V 1EJ=20
Tel: 0171 931 8080;=20
Fax: 0171 233 9226=20
Helpline: (Mondays - Fridays 10.00 am - 4.00 pm) 0171 388 5798=20
Registered Charity No: 258197=20
Date: 17th April 1997
Copyright =A9 EPDA, 1997, 1998=20
Last Updated 3rd June 1998
----------------------------------------
janet paterson - 51 now /41 dx /37 onset - almonte/ontario/canada
http://www.newcountry.nu/pd/members/janet/index.htm
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2002, Week 4 October 2002, Week 3 October 2002, Week 2 October 2002, Week 1 September 2002, Week 5 September 2002, Week 4 September 2002, Week 3 September 2002, Week 2 September 2002, Week 1 August 2002, Week 5 August 2002, Week 4 August 2002, Week 3 August 2002, Week 2 August 2002, Week 1 July 2002, Week 5 July 2002, Week 4 July 2002, Week 3 July 2002, Week 2 July 2002, Week 1 June 2002, Week 5 June 2002, Week 4 June 2002, Week 3 June 2002, Week 2 June 2002, Week 1 May 2002, Week 5 May 2002, Week 4 May 2002, Week 3 May 2002, Week 2 May 2002, Week 1 April 2002, Week 5 April 2002, Week 4 April 2002, Week 3 April 2002, Week 2 April 2002, Week 1 March 2002, Week 5 March 2002, Week 4 March 2002, Week 3 March 2002, Week 2 March 2002, Week 1 February 2002, Week 4 February 2002, Week 3 February 2002, Week 2 February 2002, Week 1 January 2002, Week 5 January 2002, Week 4 January 2002, Week 3 January 2002, Week 2 January 2002, Week 1 December 2001, Week 5 December 2001, Week 4 December 2001, Week 3 December 2001, Week 2 December 2001, Week 1 November 2001, Week 5 November 2001, Week 4 November 2001, Week 3 November 2001, Week 2 November 2001, Week 1 October 2001, Week 5 October 2001, Week 4 October 2001, Week 3 October 2001, Week 2 October 2001, Week 1 September 2001, Week 5 September 2001, Week 4 September 2001, Week 3 September 2001, Week 2 September 2001, Week 1 August 2001, Week 5 August 2001, Week 4 August 2001, Week 3 August 2001, Week 2 August 2001, Week 1 July 2001, Week 5 July 2001, Week 4 July 2001, Week 3 July 2001, Week 2 July 2001, Week 1 June 2001, Week 5 June 2001, Week 4 June 2001, Week 3 June 2001, Week 2 June 2001, Week 1 May 2001, Week 5 May 2001, Week 4 May 2001, Week 3 May 2001, Week 2 May 2001, Week 1 April 2001, Week 5 April 2001, Week 4 April 2001, Week 3 April 2001, Week 2 April 2001, Week 1 March 2001, Week 5 March 2001, Week 4 March 2001, Week 3 March 2001, Week 2 March 2001, Week 1 February 2001, Week 4 February 2001, Week 3 February 2001, Week 2 February 2001, Week 1 January 2001, Week 5 January 2001, Week 4 January 2001, Week 3 January 2001, Week 2 January 2001, Week 1 December 2000, Week 5 December 2000, Week 4 December 2000, Week 3 December 2000, Week 2 December 2000, Week 1 November 2000, Week 5 November 2000, Week 4 November 2000, Week 3 November 2000, Week 2 November 2000, Week 1 October 2000, Week 5 October 2000, Week 4 October 2000, Week 3 October 2000, Week 2 October 2000, Week 1 September 2000, Week 5 September 2000, Week 4 September 2000, Week 3 September 2000, Week 2 September 2000, Week 1 August 2000, Week 5 August 2000, Week 4 August 2000, Week 3 August 2000, Week 2 August 2000, Week 1 July 2000, Week 5 July 2000, Week 4 July 2000, Week 3 July 2000, Week 2 July 2000, Week 1 June 2000, Week 5 June 2000, Week 4 June 2000, Week 3 June 2000, Week 2 June 2000, Week 1 May 2000, Week 5 May 2000, Week 4 May 2000, Week 3 May 2000, Week 2 May 2000, Week 1 April 2000, Week 5 April 2000, Week 4 April 2000, Week 3 April 2000, Week 2 April 2000, Week 1 March 2000, Week 5 March 2000, Week 4 March 2000, Week 3 March 2000, Week 2 March 2000, Week 1 February 2000, Week 5 February 2000, Week 4 February 2000, Week 3 February 2000, Week 2 February 2000, Week 1 January 2000, Week 5 January 2000, Week 4 January 2000, Week 3 January 2000, Week 2 January 2000, Week 1 December 1999, Week 5 December 1999, Week 4 December 1999, Week 3 December 1999, Week 2 December 1999, Week 1 November 1999, Week 5 November 1999, Week 4 November 1999, Week 3 November 1999, Week 2 November 1999, Week 1 October 1999, Week 5 October 1999, Week 4 October 1999, Week 3 October 1999, Week 2 October 1999, Week 1 September 1999, Week 5 September 1999, Week 4 September 1999, Week 3 September 1999, Week 2 September 1999, Week 1 August 1999, Week 5 August 1999, Week 4 August 1999, Week 3 August 1999, Week 2 August 1999, Week 1 July 1999, Week 5 July 1999, Week 4 July 1999, Week 3 July 1999, Week 2 July 1999, Week 1 June 1999, Week 5 June 1999, Week 4 June 1999, Week 3 June 1999, Week 2 June 1999, Week 1 May 1999, Week 5 May 1999, Week 4 May 1999, Week 3 May 1999, Week 2 May 1999, Week 1 April 1999, Week 5 April 1999, Week 4 April 1999, Week 3 April 1999, Week 2 April 1999, Week 1 March 1999, Week 5 March 1999, Week 4 March 1999, Week 3 March 1999, Week 2 March 1999, Week 1 February 1999, Week 4 February 1999, Week 3 February 1999, Week 2 February 1999, Week 1 January 1999, Week 5 January 1999, Week 4 January 1999, Week 3 January 1999, Week 2 January 1999, Week 1 December 1998, Week 5 December 1998, Week 4 December 1998, Week 3 December 1998, Week 2 December 1998, Week 1 November 1998, Week 5 November 1998, Week 4 November 1998, Week 3 November 1998, Week 2 November 1998, Week 1 October 1998, Week 5 October 1998, Week 4 October 1998, Week 3 October 1998, Week 2 October 1998, Week 1 September 1998, Week 5 September 1998, Week 4 September 1998, Week 3 September 1998, Week 2 September 1998, Week 1 August 1998, Week 5 August 1998, Week 4 August 1998, Week 3 August 1998, Week 2 August 1998, Week 1 July 1998, Week 5 July 1998, Week 4 July 1998, Week 3 July 1998, Week 2 July 1998, Week 1 June 1998, Week 5 June 1998, Week 4 June 1998, Week 3 June 1998, Week 2 June 1998, Week 1 May 1998, Week 5 May 1998, Week 4 May 1998, Week 3 May 1998, Week 2 May 1998, Week 1 April 1998, Week 5 April 1998, Week 4 April 1998, Week 3 April 1998, Week 2 April 1998, Week 1 March 1998, Week 5 March 1998, Week 4 March 1998, Week 3 March 1998, Week 2 March 1998, Week 1 February 1998, Week 5 February 1998, Week 4 February 1998, Week 3 February 1998, Week 2 February 1998, Week 1 January 1998, Week 5 January 1998, Week 4 January 1998, Week 3 January 1998, Week 2 January 1998, Week 1 December 1997, Week 5 December 1997, Week 4 December 1997, Week 3 December 1997, Week 2 December 1997, Week 1 November 1997, Week 5 November 1997, Week 4 November 1997, Week 3 November 1997, Week 2 November 1997, Week 1 October 1997, Week 5 October 1997, Week 4 October 1997, Week 3 October 1997, Week 2 October 1997, Week 1 September 1997, Week 5 September 1997, Week 4 September 1997, Week 3 September 1997, Week 2 September 1997, Week 1 August 1997, Week 5 August 1997, Week 4 August 1997, Week 3 August 1997, Week 2 August 1997, Week 1 July 1997, Week 5 July 1997, Week 4 July 1997, Week 3 July 1997, Week 2 July 1997, Week 1 June 1997, Week 5 June 1997, Week 4 June 1997, Week 3 June 1997, Week 2 June 1997, Week 1 May 1997, Week 5 May 1997, Week 4 May 1997, Week 3 May 1997, Week 2 May 1997, Week 1 April 1997, Week 5 April 1997, Week 4 April 1997, Week 3 April 1997, Week 2 April 1997, Week 1 March 1997, Week 5 March 1997, Week 4 March 1997, Week 3 March 1997, Week 2 March 1997, Week 1 February 1997, Week 5 February 1997, Week 4 February 1997, Week 3 February 1997, Week 2 February 1997, Week 1 January 1997, Week 5 January 1997, Week 4 January 1997, Week 3 January 1997, Week 2 January 1997, Week 1 December 1996, Week 5 December 1996, Week 4 December 1996, Week 3 December 1996, Week 2 December 1996, Week 1 November 1996, Week 5 November 1996, Week 4 November 1996, Week 3 November 1996, Week 2 November 1996, Week 1 October 1996, Week 5 October 1996, Week 4 October 1996, Week 3 October 1996, Week 2 October 1996, Week 1 September 1996, Week 5 September 1996, Week 4 September 1996, Week 3 September 1996, Week 2 September 1996, Week 1 August 1996, Week 5 August 1996, Week 4 August 1996, Week 3 August 1996, Week 2 August 1996, Week 1 July 1996, Week 5 July 1996, Week 4 July 1996, Week 3 July 1996, Week 2 July 1996, Week 1 June 1996, Week 5 June 1996, Week 4 June 1996, Week 3 June 1996, Week 2 June 1996, Week 1 May 1996, Week 5 May 1996, Week 4 May 1996, Week 3 May 1996, Week 2 May 1996, Week 1 April 1996, Week 5 April 1996, Week 4 April 1996, Week 3 April 1996, Week 2 April 1996, Week 1 March 1996, Week 5 March 1996, Week 4 March 1996, Week 3 March 1996, Week 2 March 1996, Week 1 February 1996, Week 5 February 1996, Week 4 February 1996, Week 3 February 1996, Week 2 February 1996, Week 1 January 1996, Week 5 January 1996, Week 4 January 1996, Week 3 January 1996, Week 2 January 1996, Week 1 December 1995, Week 5 December 1995, Week 4 December 1995, Week 3 December 1995, Week 2 December 1995, Week 1 November 1995, Week 5 November 1995, Week 4 November 1995, Week 3 November 1995, Week 2 November 1995, Week 1 October 1995, Week 5 October 1995, Week 4 October 1995, Week 3 October 1995, Week 2 October 1995, Week 1 September 1995, Week 5 September 1995, Week 4 September 1995, Week 3 September 1995, Week 2 September 1995, Week 1 August 1995, Week 5 August 1995, Week 4 August 1995, Week 3 August 1995, Week 2 August 1995, Week 1 July 1995, Week 5 July 1995, Week 4 July 1995, Week 3 July 1995, Week 2 July 1995, Week 1 June 1995, Week 5 June 1995, Week 4 June 1995, Week 3 June 1995, Week 2 June 1995, Week 1 May 1995, Week 5 May 1995, Week 4 May 1995, Week 3 May 1995, Week 2 May 1995, Week 1 April 1995, Week 5 April 1995, Week 4 April 1995, Week 3 April 1995, Week 2 April 1995, Week 1 March 1995, Week 5 March 1995, Week 4 March 1995, Week 3 March 1995, Week 2 March 1995, Week 1 February 1995, Week 4 February 1995, Week 3 February 1995, Week 2 February 1995, Week 1 January 1995, Week 5 January 1995, Week 4 January 1995, Week 3 January 1995, Week 2 January 1995, Week 1 December 1994, Week 5 December 1994, Week 4 December 1994, Week 3 December 1994, Week 2 December 1994, Week 1 November 1994, Week 5 November 1994, Week 4 November 1994, Week 3 November 1994, Week 2 November 1994, Week 1 October 1994, Week 5 October 1994, Week 4 October 1994, Week 3 October 1994, Week 2 October 1994, Week 1 September 1994, Week 5 September 1994, Week 4 September 1994, Week 3 September 1994, Week 2 September 1994, Week 1 August 1994, Week 5 August 1994, Week 4 August 1994, Week 3 August 1994, Week 2 August 1994, Week 1 July 1994, Week 5 July 1994, Week 4 July 1994, Week 3 July 1994, Week 2 July 1994, Week 1 June 1994, Week 5 June 1994, Week 4 June 1994, Week 3 June 1994, Week 2 June 1994, Week 1 May 1994, Week 5 May 1994, Week 4 May 1994, Week 3 May 1994, Week 2 May 1994, Week 1 April 1994, Week 5 April 1994, Week 4 April 1994, Week 3 April 1994, Week 2 April 1994, Week 1 March 1994, Week 5 March 1994, Week 4 March 1994, Week 3 March 1994, Week 2 March 1994, Week 1 February 1994, Week 4 February 1994, Week 3 February 1994, Week 2 February 1994, Week 1 February 1994 January 1994 December 1993 November 1993
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