Greg, Brian, others there are more than two opinions about these conjectures. there is mathematics of chaos, but this is not pertinent. pharmacokinetics does give valid insight. Robert Naylor used graphical addition some years ago to optimize his wife's dosing with Sinemet. i used his information and approach. updated with the best data, the calculation has limited value, but better than none. basically, the data are measurements of levodopa in blood plasma. these measurements are never sufficient to provide the actual peak; they do show that the CR Sinemet is extremely variable in comparison to the quite variable regular carbidopa/levodopa tablets. interested persons can find some detail in the levodopa.pdf document downloadable from my website PD subpages. there is further data in reports from testing and sampling at an Italian facility. several have developed spreadsheet calculation templates. i disagree with Brian as to the shape of the blood concentration versus time also, in regard to flow rate being the kernel of the differentials - the processes are driven by concentration and this is an abrupt peaking value which then decays in typical half-life fashion (except for the CR which does have added variability by slow dissolution after a first peaking which varies wildly). last comment is that this thread is not accurately labeled - some would say crap shooting is one form of gambling with dice. is that what you are thinking, Greg? ron -- Ron Vetter 1936, '84 PD dz mailto:[log in to unmask] http://www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~rfvetter