In my profession (Education), the wise professor (male or female) includes both male and female subjects in their studies, and looks at the effects of the independent variable on each. Wendy -----Original Message----- Here is a minor clarification of how research works. The idea is mainly to illuminate how the topics that are chosen and whether there are preferences. The implication in the statement below was that women are excluded. This would be an actively prejudicial process. How is research started? A wise professor (male) has a brainstorm and says: Aha, this is a topic that must be studied. Not only will that bring funds to my department but will also result in publications, PhD' for my graduate students and tenure. He then applies to the NIH or a Drug companies and eventually he gets the grant, and glory. Notice that there is nothing in the process that actively excludes women. So, the corollary is that wise professors (women) must also apply for research grants with proposals to their liking. That is more women. The competition is fierce but good proposals do get funded and are not awarded on gender based preference criteria. K. F. Etzold cg Carline I ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto:[log in to unmask] In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn