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Ned thanks for the definitions, Ray ----- Original Message ----- From: "Ned Gardner" <[log in to unmask]> To: <[log in to unmask]> Sent: Friday, March 18, 2005 11:59 AM Subject: Re: Moral certainty > Ray: > > Reasonable doubt; moral certainty > > > When one is "beyond doubt" or an issue has been settled "beyond doubt," it > means that certainty has been established to such a degree that there can > be > no question whatsoever of the truth. On almost every question, the only > people who claim to be 100% beyond doubt are gods, egotists, and fanatics. > Mature people generally allow for the possibility, however slim, that what > they Know for Certain may be disproved. > > > > REASONABLE DOUBT -- ".refers to the degree of certainty required of a > juror > before he or she can make a legally valid determination of the guilt of a > criminal defendant.The term doesn't require that the evidence be so clear > that no possibility of error exists; it means that the evidence must be so > conclusive that all reasonable doubts are removed from the mind of the > ordinary person. See also moral certainty." > > "MORAL CERTAINTY -- certainty beyond a reasonable doubt; a conviction > based > on persuasive reasons and excluding doubts that a contrary conclusion can > exit. A juror is said to be morally certain of a fact when he or she would > act in reliance upon its truth in matters of greatest importance to > himself > or herself." > > "REASONABLE MAN (OR PERSON) -- a phrase used to denote a hypothetical > person > who exercises qualities of attention, knowledge, intelligence and judgment > that society requires of its members for the protection of their own > interests and the interests of others." > > Ned > > From http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_ > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "rayilynlee" <[log in to unmask]> > To: <[log in to unmask]> > Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2005 12:11 PM > Subject: Re: Moral certainty > > >> Moral certainty is the cause of wars, bigotry, intolerance and much >> suffering. The person who is certain he is right about as yet >> unanswerable questions is a tremendous obstacle to progress. Education >> teaches you how much you don't know and defines the boundaries of >> your >> knowledge. >> >> My education tells me a cell is a cell and there is good reason to >> call >> it a cell, not a person. I need to hear some good reasons why a cell >> is >> a person to change my mind, not ooh don't name-call. >> >> Rayilyn Brown, MA major History. minor Philosophy, UCLA >> ----- Original Message ----- >> From: "Ned Gardner" <[log in to unmask]> >> To: <[log in to unmask]> >> Sent: Wednesday, March 16, 2005 7:25 PM >> Subject: Re: Souls in limbo >> >> >>> Don: >>> >>> Moral certainty is always a sign of cultural inferiority. The more >>> uncivilized the man, the surer he is that he knows precisely what is >>> right >>> and what is wrong. All human progress, even in morals, has been the work >>> of >>> men who have doubted the current moral values, not of men who have >>> whooped >>> them up and tried to enforce them. The truly civilized man is always >>> skeptical and tolerant. >>> -- H. L. Mencken, Minority Report (1956) >>> >>> >>> Ned >>> ----- Original Message ----- >>> From: "Don Mckinley" <[log in to unmask]> >>> To: <[log in to unmask]> >>> Sent: Tuesday, March 15, 2005 2:32 PM >>> Subject: Re: Souls in limbo >>> >>> > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: > mailto:[log in to unmask] > In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto:[log in to unmask] In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn