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From the Encyclopaedia Britannica, I learn that Frederick Chapman Roberts, Thomas H. Weller, and John Franklin Enders did some key work in the development of the polio vaccine, for which they received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1954. They used human embryonic skin and muscle cells. See: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063856/Frederick-Chapman-Robbins ...but it appears that the actual vaccine was made using monkey kidney cells. So I guess it is fair to conclude that it was work with embryonic cells that led to the development of the polio vaccine, even if embryonic cells are not used in the process of manufacturing the vaccine today. And if I understand Bush's rules, that research can not be done with U.S. Government funding today. The trick was to keep the viruses alive by keeping then in a living medium - so no, Maryse, they could not use dead cells. Art At 02:21 AM 10/3/2006, Maryse wrote: > > not the > > cells of a dead fetus. > > >can they use dead cells? I thought they had to be live ones but am not sure >Maryse ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto:[log in to unmask] In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn