The Blue Rosetta Stone
By
Sharon Le Blanc
Blue is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 440-450 nm. The scientific natural standards for blue are: Emission spectrum of Cu 2+ (Copper), and Electronic spectrum of aqua-ions Cu(H2O5)2+. Tellurium is used in ceramics to make the color ultramarine blue.
Eye color is a polygenic trait determined primarily by the amount and type of pigments in the eye's iris. In eyes of all colors, the iris pigment epithelium contains the black pigment eumelanin. Color variations are typically attributed to the melanin content within the iris stroma. Protein P is essential for pigmentation and is a key factor in the synthesis of melanin. Blue eyes have poor melanin content.
The P protein is a membrane protein involved in small molecule transport, specifically of tyrosine, a precursor of melanin. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme of Tyrosine. Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in the regulatory element located with the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2. HERC2 slows down Protein P synthesis. HERC2 contains an E3 Ligase domain (either Ring or HECT). HECT Domain is a subclass of Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (3). A mutation of E3 Ubiquitin (PARK) causes Parkinson's Disease.
In mammals, melanins are frequently linked to metals (Fe (iron),Cu (copper), and Zn (zinc). Eumelanins are black and insoluble in water. Pheomelanins are light brown, red, yellow or blonde and are sulfur pigments. The complement of blue is yellow; a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and green light. Phytomelanins are found in seed coats. Neuromelanin is a peculiar biochemical component of the substantia nigra and has an impressive capacity of chelating metals, iron in particular, but not exclusively.
Lytico-Bodig Disease or Guamanian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism/Dementia Complex (ALS/PDC) has similar features to ALS, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's disease and is considered "the Rosetta Stone of neurodegenerative diseases."
The indigenous Chamorro people of Guam, who uniquely suffer this disease, had a tradition of eating Flying Fox Soup of Pteropus mariannus and Pteropus tokudae, with blue Coconut crab dumplings. The dumplings were made of crabmeat and the flour from the seeds of the Micronesia cycad plant.
Tellurium gives a greenish-blue flame when burned. It is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is mostly used in alloys with other metals. It is added to lead to improve its strength and added to steel and copper to make these metals more workable. When in its molten state, tellurium is corrosive to copper, iron and steel.
Tellurium has been used to crack petroleum to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, and other petroleum products. In 1999 Alaskan Airline attendants sued the airline for a "Parkinson's - Type Disease" they attributed to the hydraulic fluid. Aspergillus fumigatus lives on hydraulic fluid. Tellurium is found in Bentonite. Bentonite is used to patch water and petroleum wells. Bentonite is put into animal feed to prevent mold. Bentonite is used in water treatment plants and as a barrier for landfills. Bentonite is used as a spreader for pesticides. Tellurium is passed through dairy products. Parkinson's disease has been linked to well-water and dairy consumption. Metals are carcinogenic. Tellurium is mutagenic.
Tellurium is found in relatively large amounts in the human body, 600mg. Water-soluble tellurites and tellurates are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Fumes of tellurium dioxide may be absorbed readily through the lungs and volatile tellurium esters through the skin. Tellurium in the body is unevenly distributed with the greatest proportion in the bones, with only a small amount in soft tissue (about 50mg). Parkinson's disease has been linked to blunt trauma.
Blue-Green algae or Cyanobacteria have a symbiotic relationship with the cycad Micronesia plant. They produce a toxin BMAA which binds with metal ions. BMAA has been found in Canadian Alzheimer individuals as well as in Guam. Some Cyanobacteria are tellurite resistant, or able to live soley on tellurium. In 1996 Dr. Andrew J. Larner wrote a medical hypothesis "Alzheimer's Disease, Kuf's Disease, Tellurium and Selenium."
Hemocyanins or haemocyanins are respiratory proteins in the form of metalloproteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule. Oxygenation causes a color change between the colorless Cu(I) deoxygenated form ant the blue Cu (II) oxygenated form. Hemocyanins carry oxygen in the blood of most mollusks, and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab (or maybe the Blue Coconut Crab). Species using hemocyanin are commonly crustaceans living in cold environments with low oxygen pressure. Whereas hemoglobin carries its iron atoms in porphyrin rings (heme groups), the copper atoms of hemocyanin are bound as prosthetic groups coordinated by histidine residues.
The most commonly mutated gene for Familial ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, encodes superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1), a dimeric metalloenzyme that is rich in Beta-sheet structure and contains copper and zinc binding sites, the former being critical for catalysis.
TDP-43 (Thymidine Diphosphate) is the disease protein found in sporadic cases of ALS and Guamanian ALS-PDC. In "Simultaneous Determination of Thymidylate and Thymidine Diphosphate by Capillary Electophoresis as a Rapid Monitoring Tool for Thymidine Kinase and Thymidylate Kinase Activities" by Tzeng HF and Hung HP 2005, a radioactive method for determining thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase from the White Spot Syndrome Virus is described. Crabs ( like the Blue Coconut Crab of Guam) carry the White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus.
In "Disulfide Bond Mediates Aggregation, Toxicity and Ubiquitylation of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Linked Mutant SOD1" a genetic mutation involving a disulfide bond is discussed. "Characterization of Iron-Sulfur, Iron-Selenium, and Iron-Tellurium Complexes in Bovine Serum Albumin" describes how tellurium can take the place of sulfur in 2Fe-2S complexes called ferredoxins. "Identification of a Novel Nonstructural Protein, VP9, from White Spot Syndrome Virus: Its Structure reveals a Ferredoxin Fold with Specific Metal Binding Sites" by Jang Liu, et al.
AB Vector of California is a Protein-Folding Company that provides baculoviruses for the study of protein folding in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's Disease. "Probing Protein Stability with Non-Natural Amino Acids" by Nediljko Budisa and Greta Pifat describes tellurium induced protein misfolding.
The blue-green mold Aspergillus is a melanizing fungus. Asperisporium grows on the cycad root. Aspergillus oryzae is a hyper producer of L-Dopa, a useful drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Aspergillus terreus produces Lovastatin which can unmask Parkinson's disease. (Parkinsonism Unmasked by Lovastatin by Th. Muller, W, Kuhn, D. Pohlau and H. Przuntek.) Aspergillus terreus can live soley on Tellurium. (Incorporation of Tellurium into Amino Acids and Proteins in Tellurium-Tolerant Fungi by Shadia E. Ramadan, A.A. Razak, A.M. Ragab and M. El-Meleigy.) In "Ultrastructure and Significance of Micro-organisms Found in the Formalin-fixed Brain From a Case of Parkinsonism" by S. Roy and L Wolman there is a picture of a club shaped organism containing spores. "Parkinsonism Secondary to Bilateral Striatal Fungal Abscesses" by Adler CH, Stern MB, Brooks and the article "Encephalopathy with Parkinsonian Features in Children Following Bone Marrow Transplantation and High Dose Amphotericin B (Anti-fungal)" by Mott SH et al., point toward Aspergillus and Tellurium.
"Crystal Structure of the Copper-Containing Quercetin 2,3-Dioxygenase from Aspergllus japonicus" indicates that Aspergillus is able to utilize copper and melanin. "Purification and Characterization of the Nuclear Ribonuclease P of Aspergillus nidulans" by Sang Jun Han, Byelong Jae Lee and Hyen Sam Kang report Aspergillus nidulan has a P-Protein, Ribonuclease P.
Mycoviruses were split into two groups in 1970, the Orthomyxoviridae and the Paramyxoviridae. Paramyxoviruses have a nucleocapsid core that is composed of the genomic RNA, the nucleocapsid proteins, phosphoproteins (P-protein), and polymerase proteins. "Rod-Shaped Nuclear Viruses of Crustaceans: Hemocyte-Infecting Species by Phyllis Johnson describes how hemocyte infecting viruses, although they share certain characteristics with various baculoviruses, differ in that the nucleocapsid is not a true cylinder.
A nucleocapsid is the DNA or RNA of a virus. A nucleoprotein is any protein which is structurally associated with nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. The prototypical example is any of the histone class of proteins, which are identifiable on strands of Chromatin, Telomerase, RNP (RNA protein complex or Ribonucleaoprotein), and Protamines are also nucleoproteins.
"The Acid-base Properties and Kinetics of Dissolution of the F34S4 Cores of Chromatin Ferredoxin and High Potential Iron Protein by Maskiewicz R, et al., report on Chromatin Ferredoxin. Tellurium can take the place of sulfur in Ferredoxins. "Bax Ablation Prevents Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's Disease" by Miquel Vila, et. al, describes Chromatin clumping in Parkinson's Disease. "Rotenone-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated By p38 And JNK Map Kinases in Human Dopaminergic SH-Sy5Y Cells by Kathleen Newhouse, et. al, describes Chromatin clumping in Parkinson's Disease. "Necrosis of Schwann Cells During Tellurium-Induced Primary Demyelination: DNA Fragmentation, Reorganizing of Splicing Machinery, And Formation of Intranuclear Rods of Actin" by Berciano MT, et al., describes chromatin clumps and aggregation of interchromatin granule clusters. "Cell Death and Apoptosis Regulating Proteins in Parkinson's Disease- A Cautionary Note by U. Wullner, et al, reports no chromatin clumping in the substatia nigra of three Parkinson's Disease individuals. If these individuals had genetic Parkinson's Disease there would be no chromatin clumping.
Parkinson's Disease is a result of the inhibition of the electron transport chain at Complex I of Mitochondrial Respiration. Here NADH: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidation of NADH, the reduction of ubiquinone, and the transfer of 4H+/NADH across the coupling membrane. A genetic mutation of Ubiquitin (PARK) would result in an inhibition of ubiquitin. Cytochrome C is tagged for degradation by ubiquitin. The tagging reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called ubiquitin ligases.
Aconitase (Aconitate hydratase) is an enzyme that catalyzes citrate to isocitrate in the tricarboxylate acid cycle that produces NADH. "Bacterial Toxicity of Potassium Tellurite: Unveiling an Ancient Enigma" by Jose Perez et al, describes how potassium tellurite inhibits cytoplasmic aconitase. Manganese, Rotenone, MPTP all inhibit mitochondrial aconitase at its iron-sulfur cluster. "Iron-Sulfur Cluster Proteins: Electron Transfer and Beyond" by Kamil Brzoska, et al, describes how the two aconitases interact with one another.
Cytochrome C induces chromatin condensation. Cytochrome C is part of Mitochondrial Respiration and is a copper metalloprotein that aggregates Alpha Synuclein into Lewy Bodies. "Copper (II) Binding to a-Synuclein, the Parkinson's Protein has been reported by Jennifer Lee, Harry Gray, and Jay Winkler. Tellurium would alter the copper metalloprotein, Cytochrome C, and its Iron-Sulfur clusters, and therefore alter Cytochrome C degradation and chromatin condensation.
Dr. Katherine Sturm Ramirez PhD is studying the Orthomyxovirus Avian Influenza or Spanish Flu Virus which caused a large outbreak of Encephalitis Lethargica in 1918, a disease with Parkinson's symptoms. At the time of the disease tellurium was often used to treat syphilis.
The Family Paramyxovirdae include the Genus:
Pneumovirus - Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Rubulavirus- Human Parainfluenza Virus -2
Human Parainfluenza Virus -4a
Mumps Virus
Morbillivirus - Measles Virus
Paramyxovirus - Human Parainfluenza Virus 3
Human Parainfluenza Virus 1
Fruit Bat Virus
"An Apparently New Virus (Family Paramyxovirdae) Infectious for Pigs, Humans, and Fruit Bats by Adrian W. Philbey et al., mentions that pigs infected with this disease have blue eyes.
Paget 's disease of the Bone is caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. People with Paget's disease tend to have blue or green eyes. People with Sporadic Paget's disease tend to have an exposure to lead. Tellurium is skimmed from lead.
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