Ray, Thanks for a very interesting mail. It really emphasizes how complicated and sensitive this issue is!! Nic 57/15 On Thu, Jun 4, 2009 at 10:03 AM, rayilynlee <[log in to unmask]> wrote: > [edit] Legal: History of abortion law > See also: Timeline of reproductive rights legislation and Abortion law > The history of abortion law dates back to ancient times and has impacted > men and women in a variety of ways in different times and places. The Code > of Hammurabi, which was promulgated ca. 1760 BC, contains the earliest known > laws about abortion. The code required monetary compensation for causing a > woman to miscarry.[69][70] While laws regulating acceptable forms of > abortion were found with the Romans, widespread regulation to have an > abortion did not begin until the 13th century.[citation needed] > > There were no laws against abortion in the Roman Republic and early Roman > Empire, as Roman law did not regard a fetus as distinct from the woman's > body, and abortion was not infrequently practiced to control family size, to > maintain one's physical appearance, or because of adultery. In 211 AD, at > the intersection of the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, abortion > was outlawed for a period of time as violating the rights of parents, > punishable by temporary exile.[55] However, late Roman legislation is > generally derived from a concern for population growth, and not as an issue > of morality.[citation needed] > > Historically, it is unclear how often the ethics of abortion (induced > abortion) was discussed, but widespread regulation did not begin until the > 18th century. One factor in abortion restrictions was a socio-economic > struggle between male physicians and female mid-wives.[citation needed] In > the 18th century, English and American common law allowed abortion if > performed before "quickening." By the late 19th century many nations had > passed laws that banned abortion. In the later half of the 20th century most > Western nations began to legalize abortion.[citation needed] > > According to English common law, abortion after fetal movement or > "quickening" was punishable as homicide, and abortion was also punishable > "if the foetus is already formed" but not yet quickened, according to Henry > Bracton.[71] > > > [edit] 17th century to 19th century > a.. 1765 - Post-quickening abortion was no longer considered homicide in > England, but William Blackstone called it "a very heinous misdemeanor".[72] > b.. 1803 - United Kingdom enacts the Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act > 1803, making abortion after quickening a capital crime, and providing lesser > penalties for the felony of abortion before quickening.[73] > c.. 1821 - Connecticut passes first statute that forbids using poison to > induce miscarriages.[74] > d.. 1842 - The Shogunate in Japan bans induced abortion in Edo. The law > does not affect the rest of the country.[25] > e.. 1861 - The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Offences > against the Person Act 1861 which outlaws abortion.[citation needed] > f.. 1869 - Pope Pius IX declared that abortion under any circumstance was > gravely immoral (mortal sin), and, that anyone who participated in an > abortion in any material way had by virtue of that act excommunicated > themselves from the Church. In the same year, the Parliament of Canada > unifies criminal law in all provinces, banning abortion.[citation needed] > g.. 1873 - The passage of the Comstock Law in the United States makes it a > crime to sell, distribute, or own abortion-related products and services, or > to publish information on how to obtain them (see advertisement of abortion > services).[citation needed] > h.. 1820-1900 - Primarily through the efforts of physicians in the > American Medical Association and legislators, most abortions in the U.S. > were outlawed.[75] > > [edit] 1920s to 1960s > a.. 1920 - Lenin legalized all abortions in the Soviet Union.[76] > b.. 1931 - Mexico as first country in the world legalized abortion in case > of rape.[citation needed] > c.. 1932 - Poland as first country in Europe outside Soviet Union > legalized abortion in cases of rape and threat to maternal health.[77] > d.. 1935 - Iceland became the first Western country to legalize > therapeutic abortion under limited circumstances.[citation needed] > e.. 1935 - Nazi Germany amended its eugenics law, to promote abortion for > women who have hereditary disorders.[78] The law allowed abortion if a woman > gave her permission, and if the fetus was not yet viable,[79][80] and for > purposes of so-called racial hygiene.[81][82] > f.. 1936 - Joseph Stalin reversed most parts of Lenin's legalization of > abortion in the Soviet Union to increase population growth. Stalin's > reversal was repealed in 1955.[83] > g.. 1936 - Heinrich Himmler, Chief of the SS, creates the "Reich Central > Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion". Himmler, inspired > by bureaucrats of the Race and Settlement Main Office, hoped to reverse a > decline in the "Aryan" birthrate which he attributed to homosexuality among > men and abortions among healthy Aryan women,[84] which were not allowed > under the 1935 law, but nevertheless practiced. Reich Secretary Martin > Bormann however refused to implement law in this respect, which would revert > the 1935 law.[citation needed] > h.. 1938 - In Britain, Dr. Aleck Bourne aborted the pregnancy of a young > girl who had been raped by soldiers. Bourne was acquitted after turning > himself into authorities. The legal precedent of allowing abortion in order > to avoid mental or physical damage was picked up by the Commonwealth of > Nations.[citation needed] > i.. 1938 - Abortion legalized on a limited basis in Sweden.[citation > needed] > j.. 1948 - The Eugenic Protection Act in Japan expanded the circumstances > in which abortion is allowed.[85] > k.. 1959 - The American Law Institute drafts a model state abortion law to > make legal abortions accessible.[74] > l.. 1961 - California state legislature introduces an abortion reform law > based on the American Law Institute model.[74] > m.. 1966 - Mississippi reformed its abortion law and became the first U.S. > state to allow abortion in cases of rape.[citation needed] > n.. 1967 - The Abortion Act (effective 1968) legalized abortion in the > United Kingdom (except in Northern Ireland). In the U.S., Colorado, > California, and North Carolina reformed their abortion laws based on the > 1962 ALI Model Penal Code (MPC). > o.. 1967-1970 - Colorado becomes first state to loosen its abortion laws > followed by Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, New > Mexico, Oregon, South Carolina, and Virginia.[74] > p.. 1968 - President Lyndon Johnson's Committee on The Status of Women > releases a report calling for a repeal of all abortion laws.[74] > q.. 1969 - Canada passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, which > began to allow abortion for selective reasons.[citation needed] > r.. 1969 - Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon introduces legislation to > legalize abortion in Washington D.C.; no action is taken.[74] > s.. 1969 - The ruling in the Victorian case of R v Davidson defined for > the first time which abortions are lawful in Australia.[citation needed] > t.. 1969-1973 - The Jane Collective operated in Chicago, offering illegal > abortions.[citation needed] > > [edit] 1970s to present > a.. 1970-1970 - Hawaii, New York, Alaska, Washington and Florida repealed > their abortion laws and allowed abortion on demand; South Carolina and > Virginia reformed their abortion laws based on the Model Penal > Code.[citation needed] > b.. 1971 - The Indian Parliament under the Prime Ministership of a lady > Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, passes Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act > 1971 (more commonly referred to as simply MTP Act 1971). India thus becomes > one of the earliest nations to pass this Act. The Act gains importance, > considering India had traditionally been a very conservative country in > these matters. Most notably there was no similar Act in several US states > around the same time.[86] > c.. 1973 - The U.S. Supreme Court, in Roe v. Wade, declared all the > individual state bans on abortion during the first trimester to be > unconstitutional, allowed states to regulate but not proscribe abortion > during the second trimester, and allowed states to proscribe abortion during > the third trimester unless abortion is in the best interest of the woman's > physical or mental health. The Court legalized abortion in all trimesters > when a woman's doctor believes the abortion is necessary for her physical or > mental health.[citation needed] > d.. 1973-1980 - France (1975), West Germany (1976), New Zealand (1977), > Italy (1978), and the Netherlands (1980) legalized abortion in limited > circumstances.[citation needed] > e.. 1976-1977 - Senator Harry Hyde of Illinois sponsors the Hyde > Amendment, which passes, allows states to prohibit the use of Medicaid > funding for abortions.[74] > f.. 1979 - The People's Republic of China enacted a one-child policy, > leaving some women to either undergo an abortion or violate the policy and > face economic penalties in some circumstances.[citation needed] > g.. 1983 - Ireland, by popular referendum, added an amendment to its > Constitution recognizing "the right to life of the unborn." Abortion is > still illegal in Ireland, except as urgent medical procedures to save a > woman's life.[citation needed] > h.. 1988 - France legalized the "abortion pill" mifepristone (RU-486). In > R. v. Morgentaler, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down regulations of > abortion for violating a woman's constitutional "security of person"; > Canadian law has not regulated abortion ever since.[citation needed] > i.. 1989 - Webster v. Reproductive Health Services reinforces the state's > right to prevent all publicly funded facilities from providing or assisting > with abortion services.[74] > j.. 1990 - The Abortion Act in the UK was amended so that abortion is > legal only up to 24 weeks, rather than 28, except in unusual cases.[citation > needed] > k.. 1992 - In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court of the United > States overturned the trimester framework in Roe v. Wade, making it legal > for states to proscribe abortion after the point of fetal viability, > excepting instances that would risk the woman's health.[citation needed] > l.. 1993 - Poland banned abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, severe > congenital disorders, or threat to the life of the pregnant woman.[citation > needed] > m.. 1994 - Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act is passed by the > United States Congress to forbid the use of force or obstruction to prevent > someone from providing or receiving reproductive health services.[74] > n.. 1996 - Republic of South Africa the 'Choice on Termination of > Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996' comes into effect (Repealing the 'Abortion and > Sterilization Act 2 of 1975' which only allowed abortions in certain > circumstances) lawfully permitting abortions by choice. Act is often > challenged in Court.[citation needed] > o.. 1998 - Republic of South Africa the abortion question is finally > answered when the Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court of South > Africa in Christian Lawyers Association and Others v Minister of Health and > Others held that abortions are legal in terms of the Constitution of the > Republic of South Africa.[87] > p.. 1999 - The United States Congress passed a ban on intact dilation and > extraction, which President Bill Clinton vetoed. > q.. 2000 - Mifepristone (RU-486) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug > Administration (FDA). In Stenberg v. Carhart, the Supreme Court of the > United States overturned a Nebraska state law that banned intact dilation > and extraction.[citation needed] > r.. 2003 - The U.S. enacted the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act and > President George W. Bush signed it into law. After the law was challenged in > three appeals courts, the U.S. Supreme Court held that it was constitutional > because, unlike the earlier Nebraska state law, it was not vague or overly > broad. The court also held that banning the procedure did not constitute an > "undue burden," even without a health exception.[citation needed] (see also: > Gonzales v. Carhart) > s.. 2007 - Supreme Court upholds the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of > 2003.[74] > t.. 2007 - The Parliament of Portugal voted to legalize abortion during > the first ten weeks of pregnancy. This followed a referendum that, while > revealing that a majority of Portuguese voters favored legalization of > early-stage abortions, failed due to low voter turnout. Although, at the 2nd > referendum, the vote for the legalization won. President Cavaco Silva signed > the measure and it went on effect.[88] > u.. 2007 - The government of Mexico City legalizes abortion during the > first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and offers free abortions. On August 28, 2008, > the Mexican Supreme Court upholds the law.[89] > v.. 2008 - The Australian state of Victoria passes a bill which > decriminalizes abortion, making it legally accessible to women in the first > 24 weeks of the pregnancy.[citation needed] > > Rayilyn Brown > Director AZNPF > Arizona Chapter National Parkinson Foundation > [log in to unmask] > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto: > [log in to unmask] > In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- To sign-off Parkinsn send a message to: mailto:[log in to unmask] In the body of the message put: signoff parkinsn