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Pay attention to your body’s ‘second brain’ 
Sunday, January 10, 2010 
By Gina Joseph, Daily Tribune Staff Writer 
The next time you get a gut feeling — pay attention. It could be your second 
brain talking.

"The gastrointestinal tract has an enormous amount of nerves and neurons," 
said Dr. Mitchell Cappell, M.D., Ph.D., chief of gastroenterology and 
fellowship director at William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak. "It has 
considerably more neurons than the entire spinal cord, so it is doing things 
all the time including talking or communicating with the brain."

This network is called the enteric nervous system, but is affectionately known 
by gastrointestinal docs, who have come to appreciate the complexity of it, as 
the "second brain."

"(The second brain) contains reflex circuits that detect the physiological 
condition of the gastrointestinal tract, integrate information about the state 
of the gastrointestinal tract, and provide outputs to control gut movement, 
fluid exchange between the gut and its lumen and local blood flow," according to 
Scholarpedia. "It is the only part of the peripheral nervous system that 
contains extensive neural circuits (an estimated 100 million neurons) that are 
capable of local, autonomous function. The ENS has extensive two-way 
connections with the central nervous system, and works in concert with the CNS 
to control the digestive system in the context of local and whole body 
physiological demands."

Its degree of independence has earned it the second brain title.

Yet, despite this distinction, Cappell said, most of the time the big brain 
ignores the gut or does not consciously pay attention to it, leaving it to do 
what it does so well: digesting things such as the double burger, large-size 
fries and Coke the big brain thought it had to have. However, there are times 
when the big brain experiences physical and emotional sensations that trigger 
responses such as the release of stomach fluids, including acid, bile and 
bicarbonates, or the sudden spasm of muscles in the gut, which, in effect, 
produces the feeling of butterflies in the stomach.

Gut feelings can be elicited by something as unsubstantiated as the feeling 
that nobody likes you or something as real as a dog threatening to bite you.

According to an article by the New York Times, "A study in 1902 showed changes 
in the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract in cats confronted 
by growling dogs."

Knowing more about the connection between the two brains is now helping 
researchers in the relatively new field of neurogastroenterology find better 
ways to treat ailments such as anxiety, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, 
ulcers and Parkinson's disease. 
URL: http://www.dailytribune.com/articles/2010/01/10/life/srv0000007285529.prt

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