At a recent symposium in NYC researchers discussed studies involving the use of apo-morphine to treat severe off fluctuations or episodes of freezing. In Europe apo-morphine was used in a pen-injection form and shown to help in these situations. Apo-morphine is not approved for use in the U.S. and one researcher suggested that it is unlikely to gain approval soon because it is not patentable and therefore rates low on pharmaceutical companies' priority lists. Ken Aidekman