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I would like to offer a few comments on dementia a topic which has been mentioned quite a bit as of late. Likw PD it is difficult to measure and define. It is detected as a result of a clinical impression or self-assessment. Searching for a way to define it in my opinion should be left to neuro-psychologists. What is important I believe is that certain types of mental impairment can be impacted positively via the use of visual cues. If a PD subject's cognitive skills seem to vary with his on/off states and especially if his off states result in gait problems, he should be assessed for his response to visual cues. Here's one way; Get a deck of cards and arrange them in a line with the first card at the toes of the subject. Each subsequent card should be equal to or slightly greater than the subject's normal stride length. The subject should then walk by landing each stride midway between each card. Listen to the subject speak while walking over the cues, engage him in conversation, encourage self-assessment and see what you get. IF you note improvement be encouraged because "reversable" dementia is fundamentally different from senile dementia. If dementia seems to be present while medicated I would suggest one additionl test. Have the subject carefully gaze into a bright white light (halogen). If you note a similar improvement I would speculate that this person would benefit from either an increase in l-dopa or potentiating the current level. In pd subjects with gait problems visual cues can normalize gait and many other problems (simian posture,stiffness, mask face, voice volume etc).If severely akinetic, the initial card should be replaced by 3 or 4 cards spanning from the toe of one foot accross to the toe of the other. Use of such visual cues will very effectively suppress dyskinetic gait and speech. feedback encouraged. RE:BLUE FILTERS; I have also seen a number of inquiries re blue filters. This descovery also came out of my work with visual cues...I thought I had already posted a message re info on this subsject but I'll repeat it soon. best wishes tom