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To Fred Turner RE: Your Question "what is ADL?" ADL stand for Activities of Daily Living. These can be measured either functionally or through the use of a survey. This information helps us to better understand a persons degree of independence and autonomy in performing daily activities such as washing the body, using the toilet, fixing a meal, taking care of toenails, getting dressed and undressed, transfer from bed to chair...etc. Some studies using ADL as the variable of interest look at the actual functioning and measure that persons independence...ie, how long does it take to get up out of bed and walk 20 feet or how many times can a person stand up from a chair in 1 minute. Other ADL measures look at a persons *perception* of their ability to be independent and autonomous in ADL. Thats what I'm looking at in my dissertation and one of the questions I'd like to answer is "to what extent does a persons *perception* change after 10 weeks ofbalance and strength training". And are functional changes related to changes in perception? Does the spose/caregiver have a different perception of their Parkies ADL than the Parky themselves? Anyway, I hope this clears it up a little. Mark Hirsch ([log in to unmask]) These two quotes are from Oliver Sacks "An Anthropologist on Mars" Enjoy!!!! --The universe is not only queerer than we imagine, but queerer than we can imagine. J.B.S. Haldane --Ask not what disease the person has, but rather what person the disease has. (attributed to) William Osler --