Mark, I finally was able to speak to my father-in-law last night concernining his strength & balance exercises. I hope this helps your dissertation on the subject: Alex is in his mid-70's and is probably in stage 1. He has had PD diagnosed for about 3 years and is on sinemet. He does experience confusion and defiant behavior on a daily basis but most of the time he is very coherent and livable. He does have a problem taking the medicine on schedule (usually too soon) and we feel this is a main cause for his confusion, etc. He began physical therapy about 3 months ago to keep his body in as good a shape as possible. It does seem to be helpful as his condition does appear fairly stable with slow PD progression. For balance he does side-step, leg cross-over and work on a PT devise called a CAT. For strength, he has mainly concentrated on the legs and includes leg-lifts, leg-curls, and squats. They involve use of a weight machine, a looped rubber hose, and ankle weights. He is still looking for a local facility to go to to work out in that is geared to his ability. AVic Tanny would be too aggressive and he requires spotting and set-up help. Mark, if you would like to speak to him personally, let me know. He is a retired GP and would probably enjoy the conversation. Regards, -- Dave Teeter Rochester Hills, MI [log in to unmask]