Richard, it dawned on me as I read your long post that all of the strategies you described involve getting the student to change his point of view, a tactic which is apparently solidifying his intransigence. I'm wondering if you can reframe the situation so that the task is for the student to try to change _your_ point of view. That is, rather than presenting him with readings that are designed to make him re-think his values, can he find readings for you that will (attempt to) make you re-think yours? Can you refute his arguments with your own and then invite him to revise his so that they're more palatable to you? I'm thinking that maybe this way, he'll at least be forced to find and evaluate the arguments of others who hold his view. Good luck . . . this sounds like a very painful situation. Marcy Marcy Bauman Writing Program University of Michigan-Dearborn 4901 Evergreen Rd. Dearborn, MI 48128 email: [log in to unmask]