Hello
I've just signed on recently. I noticed someone was looking for a glossary of
terms used about Parkinson's. I'll attach a text file (my interface is a
First Class Systems BBS), and include it here, of the glossary that our local
Parkinson's group uses. It originated apparently in Alberta and we have
modified it a bit. I don't know if anyone can pick an attached text file off
a message, but I will attach it.
Our group has a Parkinson's Booklet that is about 35 pages long. It is given
to anyone who wants info re Parkinson's or who is new to the group. If anyone
wants a copy, send me email. But let me know what form you want it in. It was
originally done in ClarisWorks on the Mac, and has been translated into RTF
that most word processors can use (we don't use the 4 letter word processor
around here!).
Brian Symonds <[log in to unmask]>
Glossary of Parkinson's Terms
Acetylcholine: A chemical messenger released by cholinergic nerves. Normally
in many parts of the body, including the brain, and necessary to normal body
functioning. There appears to be a reciprocal seesaw relationship between
acetylcholine and dopamine and their respective nerve cell systems.
Action Tremor: Rhythmic, involuntary movement of a limb when movement is
initiated, e.g., when writing or lifting a cup. Not usually seen in the
earlier stages of ParkinsonUs.
Adrenaline (epinephrine): The neurotransmitter of the adrenal gland which is
secreted in moments of crisis. It stimulates the heart to beat faster and
work harder, increases the flow of blood to the muscles, causes an increased
alertness of mind, and produces other changes to prepare the body to meet an
emergency.
Agonist: A chemical or drug that mimics neurotransmitter activity.
Akinesia: Absence of body movements.
Alpha-Tocopherol: Chemical name for biologically active form of Vitamin E.
Amantadine: A drug which stimulates the release of available dopamine in the
brain.
Anticholinergic: Adjective applied to a substance (medication) that reduces
the action of acetylcholine.
Anticholinergic Drugs (Artane, Cogentin): The group of drugs which decreases
the action of acetylcholine. The specified drugs may help reduce rigidity,
tremor, and drooling in ParkinsonUs.
Antihistamines: Drugs opposing the actions of histamine; commonly used to
treat allergies. Used in the past for ParkinsonUs as they sometimes had
beneficial effects on symptoms due to their anticholinergic properties.
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine and a dopamine agonist. Currently
experimentally used as injectable treatment for severe ParkinsonUs.
Ataxia: Loss of balance
Athetosis: Dyskinesias in which there are slow, repetitive, sinuous
involuntary movements.
Autonomic Nervous System: The branch of the nervous system that controls
internal organs in the body, i.e., heart, lungs.
Basal Ganglia or Nuclei: Deeper structures in the brain, concerned with
normal movement and walking. The caudate nucleus, putamen and Substantia
Nigra are basal ganglia affected in ParkinsonUs.
Benign Essential Tremor: A condition characterised by tremor of the hands,
head, voice, and sometimes other parts of the body. Essential tremor often
runs in families and is sometimes called familial tremor. It is sometimes
mistaken for a symptom of ParkinsonUs . However, this is an action tremor and
there is no rigidity or bradykinesia.
Beta-Blockers ('-Blockers): Drugs which block the action of epinephrine at
certain sites. Usually used to treat hypertension and heart disease, they may
be effective in the treatment of benign essential tremor.
Bilateral: Occurring on both sides of the body.
Blepharospasm: Spasmodic blinking or involuntary closing of the eye lids; a
type of dystonia.
Bradykinesia: Slowing down of a movement. Bradykinesia involves slowness of
initiating and executing movements and fine motor movements and difficulty in
performing repetitive movements. It is a major symptom of ParkinsonUs.
Carbidopa: The ingredient in Sinemet which prevents the breakdown of the
levodopa in the body before it can reach the brain.
Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebellum: Part of the brain that is involved in coordination.
Cerebral Cortex: The largest part of the brain; responsible for thought,
reasoning, memory, sensation, voluntary movement.
Choline: A naturally occurring substance which is a precursor of
acetylcholine.
Chorea: A type of dyskinesia (abnormal movement), characterised by
continuing, rapid, dance-like movements. May result from high doses of
levodopa and/or long term levodopa therapy.
Choreoathetosis: A dyskinesia characterised by choreic and athetoid
movements.
Cogwheel Rigidity: Stiffness in the muscles, with a jerky quality when arm
and leg joints are repeatedly moved.
Constipation: Diminished ability of intestinal muscles to move feces (stool),
often resulting in very hard stool. A common problem in ParkinsonUs.
Deprenyl: (Eldepryl, Selegiline, Jumex) A drug that slows the breakdown of
chemicals like dopamine by inhibiting the action of certain enzymes. It
increase effects of dopamine in the brain.
Dopa Decarboxylase Inhibitors: Drugs that block the conversion of levodopa to
dopamine outside the brain.These include carbidopa and benserazide.
Dopamine: A chemical produced by the brain; it assists in the effective
transmission of electrochemical messages from one nerve cell to the next. It
is deficient in the basal ganglia and Substantia Nigra of a person with
ParkinsonUs. It governs actions of movement, balance and walking.
Dopamine Agonist: Drugs that mimic the effects of dopamine and stimulate the
dopamine receptors.
Dopaminergic: An adjective used to describe a chemical, a drug, or a drug
effect related to dopamine.
Drug Holiday: A 3 to 14 day withdrawal of a drug after long term treatment.
Drug Induced Parkinsonism: ParkinsonUs symptoms which have been caused by
drugs used to treat other conditions, e.g., neuroleptic drugs, and reserpine,
used to be used to treat hypertension
Dysarthria: Speech difficulties caused when the muscles associated with
speech are affected.
Dyskinesia: Abnormal movement of voluntary muscles. Dystonia, athetosis, and
chorea are types of dyskinesia.
Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing.
Dystonia: Involuntary spasms of muscle contraction that cause abnormal
movements and postures. May appear as a side effect of long term drug
treatment in ParkinsonUs and may worsen in response to stress.
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus infection.
Encephalitis Lethargica: (Sleeping Sickness) A specific kind of encephalitis
which occurred in scattered epidemics throughout the world during the period
1916 to 1926; it usually caused sleepiness, double vision, trouble
swallowing, and drooling. Many of those affected developed advanced
Parkinsonism as depicted in the movie RAwakeningsS.
Ethopropazine: (Parsidol/Parsitan) A drug sometimes used in the past for
ParkinsonUs due to its anticholinergic effects.
Extrapyramidal Nervous System: Refers to the caudate, putamen, and Substantia
Nigra. It is affected in ParkinsonUs.
Festination: Walking in rapid, short, shuffling steps.
Flexion: A bent, curved posture.
Freezing: Temporary, involuntary inability to move.
Glaucoma: A sustained increase of pressure within the eyeball which can
injure the optic nerve and cause impaired vision or blindness. Treatment with
anticholinergics may exacerbate glaucoma.
Globus pallidus: The inner part of the lenticular nucleus. The lenticular
nucleus and the caudate nucleus form the Striatum.
Heimlich Manoeuvre: A form of first aid for people who are choking.
Hypokinesia: Abnormally diminished motor activity.
Idiopathic: An adjective meaning Rof unknown causeS. The usual form of
ParkinsonUs is idiopathic ParkinsonUs.
Intention Tremor: One occurring when the person attempts voluntary movement.
Lenticular nucleus: This group of cells along with the caudate nucleus form
the Striatum or Corpus Striatum.
Levodopa: The international generic name for the medicinal formulation of
L-Dopa. It is contained in Sinemet and Prolopa.
Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias: A side effect of medication which may occur
with prolonged use. These abnormal, involuntary movements may be alleviated
by reducing the amount of medication.
Lewy Body: Pink, staining spheres on damaged brain cells: markers for
ParkinsonUs.
Livido Reticularis: A purplish or bluish mottling of the skin seen usually
below the knee and sometimes on the forearm in persons under treatment with
the drug amantadine (Symmetrel).
Micrographia: The tendency to have very small handwriting due to difficulty
with fine motor movements in ParkinsonUs.
MPTP: A toxic chemical, exposure to which can lead to ParkinsonUs.
Myoclonus: Jerking, involuntary movement of arms and legs, usually occurring
during sleep.
Neostriatum: Vital part of the brain comprised of two basal ganglia (caudate
and putamen).
Neuroleptic Drugs: (Also called major tranquilizers) A class of drugs which
act as dopamine antagonists (by blocking some dopamine receptors). They can
aggravate symptoms of ParkinsonUs. This class includes Haloperidol (Haldol),
and the phenothiazines, e.g., Compazine, Stelazine, Chlorpromazine, etc.
Neuron: A nerve cell.
Neurotransmitter: A specialised chemical produced in nerve cells that permits
the transmission of information between nerve cells .
Nigrostriatal Degeneration: Degeneration of the nerve pathways from
Substantia Nigra to the striatum. These pathways are normally rich in
dopamine and are those affected in PS.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin): Chemical transmitter found mainly in two areas
of the brain involved in governing the involuntary autonomic nervous system.
On-Off Fluctuations: Fluctuations that occur in response to levodopa therapy
in which the personUs mobility changes suddenly and unpredictably from a good
response (on) to a poor response (off).
Orthostatic Hypotension: A drop in blood pressure during rapid changes in
body position (e.g., from sitting to standing).
Palilalia: A symptom of Parkinsonism, especially the postencephalitic form,
in which a word or syllable is repeated and the flow of speech is
interrupted.
Pallidectomy: Excision or destruction of the Globus Pallidus, which is part
of the Lenticular Nucleus, which is part of the Striatum.
Paraesthesia: Sensations, usually unpleasant, arising spontaneously in a limb
or other part of the body, variously experienced as Rpins and needlesS or a
feeling of warmth or coldness (thermal paresthesias).
ParkinsonUs Disease: That form of Parkinsonism originally described by James
ParkinsonS as a chronic, slowly progressive disease of the nervous system
characterised clinically by the combination of tremor, rigidity,
bradykinesia, and stooped posture, and pathologically by loss of the
pigmented nerve cells of the Substantia Nigra in the brain.
ParkinsonUs Facies: A stolid masklike expression of the face, with infrequent
blinking; it is characteristic of ParkinsonUs.
Parkinsonism: A clinical state characterised by tremor, rigidity,
bradykinesia, stooped posture, and shuffling gait. The more common causes of
Parkinsonism are ParkinsonUs Disease, striatonigral degeneration, and a
reversible syndrome induced by major tranquillising drugs.
Paralysis agitans: The Latin form of the older, popular term Rshaking palsyS,
which was used to designate ParkinsonUs in James ParkinsonUs time.
Parlodel (Bromocriptine): A dopamine agonist useful in treating all of the
primary symptoms of ParkinsonUs. It may be used alone or with other
antiparkinson medications.
Permax (Pergolide): A drug similar in action to Parlodel but more potent.
Postural Deformity: Stooped posture.
Postural Instability: Difficulty with balance.
Postural Tremor: Tremor that increases when hands are stretched out in front.
Precursor: Something that precedes, e.g., a sign or symptom that forewarns of
another, such as muscle aching may be the precursor of a tremor.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP): A degenerative brain disorder sometimes
difficult to distinguish from ParkinsonUs especially in the early stages. PSP
symptoms are rigidity and akinesia, difficulty looking up and down, speech
and balance problems. Those with PSP often have poor response to
antiparkinson medications.
Prolopa: Trade name for the antiparkinson drug composed of levodopa and
benserazide. This drug combination contains a ratio of 4 mg. of levodopa to 1
mg. of benserazide (Prolopa 50-12.5, 100-25, 200-50).
Propulsive Gait: Disturbance of gait typical of Parkinsonism in which, during
walking, steps become faster and faster with progressively shorter steps that
pass from a walking to a running pace and may precipitate falling forward.
Range of Motion: The extent that a joint will move from being fully
straightened to completely bent.
Receptor: A sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus.
Resting Tremor: Shaking that occurs in a relaxed and supported limb.
Retropulsive Gait: Walking that is propelled backwards.
Rigidity: Refers in medical usage to a type of muscular stiffness encountered
when examining people with ParkinsonUs. It is characterised by a constant,
even resistance to passive manipulation of the limbs.
Seborrhoea: Increased discharge of the oily secretion sebum from the
sebaceous glands of the skin.
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin sometimes associated with
seborrhoea.
Shaking Palsy: Old popular term which James Parkinson employed to designate
the specific disorder we now call ParkinsonUs.
Shy-Drager Syndrome: This is a condition in which the symptoms are the result
of abnormalities in motor function and problems in the autonomic nervous
system. A person with Shy-Drager Syndrome has Parkinsonism, extremely low
blood pressure which worsens upon standing, bladder problems, severe
constipation, and decreased sweating. This condition is quite rare.
Sialorrhea: Drooling of saliva.
Side Effect: A drugUs effect that is different from the beneficial effect for
which the drug is being taken.
Sinemet: Trade name for the antiparkinson drug that is a mixture of levodopa
and carbidopa. This drug combination contains a ratio of levodopa 4 mg. or 10
mg. to carbidopa 1 mg. (Sinemet 100/25, Sinemet 250/25).
Sinemet CR: Controlled-release Sinemet. 200 mg. Levodopa with 50 mg.
Carbidopa in a capsule contained in a matrix (outer layer) releasing the drug
more slowly in the body. These capsules are not to be taken all at once, but
rather in separate doses over the course of a day.
Stereotactic Surgery: Surgical technique that involves placing a small
electrode in an area of the brain to destroy a tiny amount of brain tissue.
Striatonigral Degeneration: This is a degeneration of the nerve pathways
travelling from the striatum to the Substantia Nigra. People with this
degeneration also appear to have Parkinsonism. However, they respond
differently to drug therapy than people with ParkinsonUs.
Striatum: Area of brain controlling movement, balance, and walking. Connects
to and receives impulses from Substantia Nigra.
Substantia Nigra: Black pigmented area of the midbrain where cells
manufacture the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Sustention or Postural Tremor: Tremor that increases when hands are stretched
out in front.
Symmetrel (Amantadine): A drug that releases dopamine and is useful in PS.
Tardive Dyskinesia: This is a movement disorder associated with long-term use
of neuroleptic drugs such as Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, etc.
Movements of a person with tardive dyskinesia are similar in appearance to
those of a person with levodopa induced dyskinesias, but the causes of the
two conditions are different.
Thalamotomy: Operation in which a small region of the thalamus is destroyed,
achieved by stereotactic techniques. Tremor and rigidity in Parkinsonism and
other conditions may be relieved by thalamotomy.
Thalamus: Anatomical term designating a mass of grey matter centrally placed
deep in the brain near its base and serving as a major relay station for
impulses travelling from the spinal cord and cerebellum to the cerebral
cortex.
Toxin: A poisonous substance.
Tremor: Rhythmic shaking and involuntary movement of part(s) of the body as a
result of sequential muscle contractions.
Unilateral: Occurring on one side of the body. ParkinsonUs symptoms usually
begin unilaterally.
Vomiting Center: Term referring to an area of the brain where the nausea and
vomiting reflex may be triggered by some medications.
RWearing OffS Phenomenon: Waning of the effect of the last dose of levodopa,
associated with abrupt reduction or loss of mobility.
Modified from the glossary published by The ParkinsonUs Society of
Southern Alberta
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