This should complete the truncated messages sent earlier. To contune the second message, Ontogeny in Cambridge Mass. is working with growth factors that can, in a Petri dish, transform stem cells into mature dopamine producers. Amgen has begun clinical trials of GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor, injected into the brain, as presumably will Ontogeny's . I just today found a third report- this one is in the 4 April '97 issue of Science.It is on the web at http://www.sciencemag.org. To summarize, it reports that multipotential cells in the central nervous system have been identified and defined mitogens have caused proliferation of these cells in vitro{ in a Petri dish}. Factors that control the differentiation of fetal stem cells into neurons and glia have been defined in vitro and multipotential cells wiyh similar signaling logic can be cultured from the adult central nervous system. Thus neuroepithelial cells have the potential to integrate into many brain regions. It looks as if some real medical breakthroughs are occuring on the non-invasive front! I don't relish the idea of catheters and surgery! Allan Goldman [log in to unmask]