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Brian: I've learned an important lesson -- not to touch the keyboard after 3 a.m.! At any rate, I managed to omit a couple of key words which probably would have redeemed me ...... "acetylcholine, the chemical which induces Parkinson's symptoms when [Dopamine] levels in the brain are insufficient to restrain the influence of this [neurotransmitter]. " As for my comment that PD symptoms are manifested by the acetylcholine, that observation was basically lifted from Dr. Roger Duvoisin who noted in his book Parkinson's Disease: A Guide for Patient and Family : " It is believed that dopamine acts to restrain the acetylcholine nerve cells, and that in parkinsonism, the acetylcholine nerve cells are released from this restraining influence. Their unrestrained and consequently improperly regulated activity contributes in some manner to the various symptoms. Drugs that block or inhibit the action of acetylcholine tend to ameliorate the symptoms, where as drugs that act by enhancing or imitating the action of acetylcholine cause an increase in parkinsonian symptoms." In effect, dopamine is not the "cause of PD symptoms", but it's depletion engenders the symptoms brought on by the "unrestrained" acetylcholine nerve cells. Brian, please excuse my overzealous defense. It's probably a carry- over from my high school debate days. Take care. P.S. I don't know where the "MR. JOHN C. FAUS" monicker came from..... "Jack" is what I go by normally.