~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Brain Clues to Cocaine High ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NEW YORK, April 23 (Reuters) -- Researchers have discovered what causes the intense "high" felt by cocaine users. The new findings may pave the way to developing drugs that can combat cocaine addiction. A new study suggests that the sensation of euphoria felt by a cocaine user comes from the drug blocking brain cells from taking up dopamine -- the neurotransmitter chemical thought to be involved in movement, sensation, and the experience of reward. "The purpose of the study was to understand what are the mechanisms by which cocaine produces euphoria in human subjects," says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of nuclear medicine at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Stony Brook, New York. "The study shows (that) in humans... the ability of cocaine to disrupt the transport of dopamine back into the cell is associated with the perception of the 'high.'" Volkow explains that dopamine is produced at the synapses of brain nerve cells (neurons), the junctions at which the cells meet. Cocaine interferes with dopamine "recognition sites" on brain cells, thus blocking any chance for the neurotransmitter to get taken back into the cell for further release. This results in higher amounts of dopamine in the brain tissues for longer periods than normal, which is believed to cause the 'high.' "The importance of the study is that one of the main strategies to treat cocaine abusers is the design of drugs that would bind to these recognition sites for dopamine (and cocaine), and by so doing, interfere with cocaine's effects," said Volkow. "This study documents effectively that the 'high' is associated with these dopamine sites, or transporters. It also documents that cocaine produces a significant -- a very large -- percentage of blockade, and that was not known before," she explains. What this means, she adds, is that effective treatments would need to be given at doses high enough to target all the dopamine transporter molecules in the brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans in 17 cocaine users revealed images indicating that injections of cocaine at common doses blocked between 60% and 77% of the dopamine transporter molecules. By analyzing the PET images together with the volunteers' own reports on the drug's effects, the researchers were able to document a significant relationship between the intensity and duration of the high induced by the cocaine and the concentration of the drug at the transporter sites seen in the PET scans. In order for the subjects to perceive cocaine's effects, at least 47% of these sites had to be blocked by cocaine. In a related study published in the same issue of the journal Nature, Volkow and her colleagues used PET scans to document "evidence of significant biochemical abnormalities" in the brains of cocaine addicts. "More specifically, it shows that the dopamine system is totally dysfunctional," she says. According to the researcher, addicts' dopamine systems have less ability to respond. To get their dopamine systems turned on, cocaine addicts were given the brain stimulant Ritalin while walking an exercise treadmill. "Ritalin is known to increase dopamine concentrations, so the PET scans allowed us to determine what the magnitude of that change was," says Volkow. "We observed that the response of the cocaine abusers was half that of normal subjects," Volkow says. Specifically, compared to nonusers, cocaine users showed reduced dopamine responses to Ritalin in the striatum, a region of the brain linked to motivation control and reward. At the same time, they found an abnormal increase in the level of dopamine response (production) in the thalamus, which was associated with intense cocaine cravings among the addicts. "The findings may account for the lack of interest, the lack of energy, and some of the depressive symptoms that are seen in the cocaine abuser," Volkow says. However, she notes it is unclear if the reduced dopamine response in cocaine abusers stems from the use of the drug or if it existed before the cocaine use. "We cannot rule out if this is an effect of chronic administration of cocaine as opposed to something related to genetic predisposition," Volkow says. "It's very likely, ultimately, to be a combination of both." SOURCE: Nature (1997;386:827-833) Copyright =A9 1997 Reuters Limited. http://www.reutershealth.com/news/rhdn/199704/1997042310.html [log in to unmask] =20