Dear Brian: In your latest posting to B. Joly re: the chart 'A' depiction of levodopa in the blood stream, you state: >>>". . . If a person who does not have PD is given a big shot of levodopa, it has a quite remarkable effect - nothing happens, and it keeps on happening: No tremor, No Dyskinesia : Nothing. The reason is that the brain's 'Control System' which is part of a very sophisticated production process detects the presence of the excess levodopa and responds by shutting down the equivalent amount of naturally produced dopamine, so the flow to the axons is unaffected. . ."<<< I have a few questions: 1. What is a 'big shot' of levodopa? It is purely levodopa, without carbidopa? In what concentration? 2. Do you have a citation to a clinical study where researchers experimented with inducing levodopa into non-PD subjects? 3. In light of the fact that researchers have determined that levodopa, without carbidopa, doesn't cross into the blood stream without significant degradation in the liver (even before it gets to the blood-brain barrier) is it possible that a mechanism exists in the periphery to metabolize "excess" levodopa, without the brain adjusting the dopamine production in the neurons? Stephan 53/7