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Dear Dennis, =3D I understand your objection to my use of the terms "off" and "on". For = =3D my purposes the term "off" is defined as the absence of any clinical impact = =3D of Dopamine. Clinically this means akinesia. Festination and shuffling are= =3D not examples of "failed" walking but rather are the body's attempt to continue walking in the face of walk impairing pathology. So shuffling a= =3D nd festination are manifestations of Dopamine impact though at less than optimal amounts (exogenous or endogenous). There is much empirical evidence as well as neurophysiologic evidence to= =3D support the relationship between gait and vision. The entire phenomenon = =3D of kinesia paradoxa is one example. (Do you exhibit sensitivity to visul cues?) Closing one's eyes for a step overcomes a freeze. Manipulating various parameters of vision can profoundly impact parkinsonian gait performance. But this is too large a subject for this forum. If you wou= =3D ld like I could send you my paper on tbe subject. regards, Tom