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++++++++++++++++++++ Thomas, Thanks for defining your terms. It seems we are all talking about the same phase of the cycle after all. Most of us use the term "off" to mean a period during which dopamine levels are so low that PD symptoms predominate and "on" to mean a period when dopamine levels are high enough that PD symptoms are significantly reduced. It would avoid confusion if you could use 'on' and 'off' the same way and find some term other than "off" when there is a need to divide the 'off' condition into 'off' and the situation where dopamine levels are so low that no movement is possible at all. I am aware that PWP respond to visual stimuli, for example the use of chalk lines to initiate unfreezing, checkered floors to enable a systained progress etc. As far as I'm aware neither of the above has any affect on the quality of the movement though I am open to correction on that score. I do know however, on my own empirical evidence, and that of many other PWP, that any theory that advises PWP to walk with their hands locked behind their backs or held out still in front of them is flawed in that respect at least. I can unequivically state that any "off" PWP who attempts to walk with both hands full or locked behind their back or held out still in front of them, is going to exacerbate festination and in consequence increase their chances of falling. I am not in a position to evaluate your theories on the relationship of vision to gait in PD, but I have always worked to the rule of thumb that says - "if the bit I can understand is at odds with my experience, I had better be suspicious of the rest." Dennis.