KEn Becker wrote: About bad HMOs. HMOs are merely applying the principle of insurance, which is like a lottery where many pay a little so that a few may collect big. Of course if every member insists on collecting big, the whole insurance idea then collapses. And of course insurance companies have to compete with one another just like any other business, so they are parsimonious for the benefit of their members, as well as their bloated capitalist stockholders and corporate officers. As a matter of passing interest, Kaiser Permanente (which I joined nearly 50 years ago) was started just for employees of a Kaiser steel mill in California. Since then it has evolved to where it is owned by its doctors, who make all the corporate decisions, but just like the insurance HMOs those decisions are often painful and contentious. Cheers, Joe -- J. R. Bruman (818) 789-3694 3527 Cody Road Sherman Oaks, CA 91403-5013