Dr. Meyers, I agree. SHAM it was not ! I was present at the original announcement of the impending study involving fetal transplant research at the Neurological Institute at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. I recall that the word "sham" was briefly bandied about as being a bit misleading. The patients involved in the study certainly knew that half would be placebos; and each had a 50-50 chance of getting the tissue. AND...at the same time "placebos" would be offered the true procedure at no cost upon successful results of the study. I would have gladly joined the group had I qualified. [log in to unmask] (Mary Manfredi)