hi nancy et al It is because wewant a cure that placebo operations are needed. we don't want our emotions to skew the results. the studies I know about offered the real operation to placebo participants later if they so wished that is a real benefit it is much nicer to be thhe second to jump. these experts think that Taking an almost unknown medication into your system isn't invasive? That scares me more than the "fake" operation Anne Rutherford