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A few additional comments on closing one's eyes: I've suggested that dyskinesia and akinesia are two sides of the same coin i.e. they represent the same pathology but this pathology is expressed differently because one is manifested in the presence of dopamine and one is manifested in its absence. They both have a vision component and an autonomic nervous system component. For this reason closing one's eyes can partially ameliorate dyskinesia as will a hot shower on the back of the neck or for that matter meditation. As to the suggestion that vision's impact is a placebo effect I would suggest the following as a partial answer. If vision can impact on the two sides of this "coin" then one would expect that closing one's eyes should have some impact on akinesia and freezing. I would predict that many pd'ers in a safe, flat , open environment with a normal person at your side for safety would be able to take a step (or 2 or 3) while akinetic of frozen with eyes closed. Such evidence, I would think, clearly argues against the placebo effect. Try it and "see". regards, Tom